Plants and Humans Test 2

Photosynthesis

How Plants use sunlight to produce their food

Use sunlight energy to change it into the energy stored in the bonds of glucose

Cellular Respiration

Take the energy stored in the bonds of glucose and BREAK IT DOWN to produce cellular energy

Photosynthesis Reactants

6CO2 + 6H2O + sunlight

Photosynthesis Products

C6H12O6 + 6O2

Where does photosynthesis occur?

Chloroplasts of Leaf Cells

Pigment

Substances that give off a color due to light absorbance and reflection.

Chlorophyll

Main pigment for photosynthesis; Mainly absorbs in the red and blue areas of the light spectrum

Chlorophyll B

Associated pigment for photosynthesis; absorbs in the red-orange and blue areas of the light spectrum

Carotenoids

Absorbs in the blue-green and violet areas of the light spectrum

Chloroplasts are

Double Membraned

Granum

stack of thylakoids

Thylakoid

Quarter-Shaped Disc

Stroma

Fluid inside the chloroplast

Stages of Photosynthesis

1) Light-Dependent Stage

2) Calvin Cycle/Light-Independent Stage

Light-Dependent Stage

Light Energy Splits water, resulting in oxygen

ATP is formed

Occurs in the thylakoids

Calvin Cycle/Light-Independent Stage

Carbon Dioxide enters the leaf

Produces sugars

Occurs in the stroma

ATP is

adenosine triphosphate, the cell's energy currency

Reactants of Cellular Respiration

C6H12O6 + 6O2

Products of Cellular Respiration

6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP

Where does MOST of cellular respiration occurs?

Mitochondria

Mitochondria has

Double Membranes

Cristae

Folds on the inner mitochondrial membrane

Mitochondrial Matrix

Innermost compartment of a mitochondrion (fluid)

aerobic respiration

requires oxygen

anaerobic respiration

Does not use oxygen

Steps of Cellular Respiration

1) Glycolysis

*Transition Step-

2) Citric Acid Cycle/Krebs Cycle

3) Electron Transport Chain

Glycolysis

Sugar Splitting

Glucose splits into 2 pyruvate molecules

Happens in the cytosol

Transition Step*

2 Pyruvate molecules are changed into 2 acetyl coenzyme A molecules

Citric Acid Cycle/Krebs Cycle

Occurs in the mitochondrial Matrix

Glucose is oxidized to carbon dioxide

Requires Oxygen

Electron Transport Chain (MOST IMPORTANT STEP)

Occurs on the inner mitochondrial membrane

Requires oxygen

Produces most of the ATP

1) Perception

A) External Environment

B) Internal Plant Body

2) Information Transfer

Hormones

3) Response

Action that is taken

Stimulus/Stimuli

Something that happens that causes an activity

Examples of Stimuli

Drought

Bugs

Not enough sunlight

Weather

Touch

More nutritious soil

Statocytes

Gravity-sensing cells in the root

Statoliths

Starch grains within statocytes

Hormones

Chemical Messengers

-Made in small amounts, but have big effects

5 Basic Plants Hormones

Auxin

Cytokinin

Abscisic Acid

Gibberellin

Ethylene

1) Auxin (most important)

Apical Dominance, Cell elongation, cell suppression

2) Cytokinin

Activation cell division, dormant buds, "antagonist to Auxin"

3) Abscisic Acid

Involved in stress responses

4) Gibberellin

Involved in seed germination

5) Ethylene

Fruit Ripening

Seed Germination

A) The embryo takes in water and swells

B) The embryo secretes gibberellin into the aleurone layer, and enzymes produced

C) The enzymes move into the endosperm

D) The enzymes digest the endosperm to provide nutrients for the embryo

Tropic Response

Permanent, growth associated with a stimulus (toward-positive, away-negative, at an angle)

Nastic Response

Temporary, non-growth associated with a stimulus

Morphogenic Response

Change in the development or quality of a plant

All-or-None Response

A response is only present after a threshold is met

Ex. Venus Fly Trap

Dosage-Dependent Response

Response depends on the dose

Etiolation

Differences in development when seedlings are grown in the dark

-Less complex-looking

-Not green/tan-beige-yellow

-Leaves are not developed

Phototropism

Plants bending toward the light

-First studied in oat tips

Gravitropism

Roots bending down towards gravity

Apical Dominance

Terminal bud produces auxin that suppresses the growth of axillary buds

Climacteric Fruits

Ethylene involved in ripening

• Tomatoes, bananas, apples

Non-Climacteric Fruits

Ethylene NOT involved in ripening

• Cherries, Grapes, Oranges

Fruit Ripening Process

-Color Changes

-Texture Changes

-Size Changes

-Smell Changes

-Taste Changes

2 Basic Types of Reproduction

Sexual and Asexual

Advantages of Both Sexual and Asexual reproduction

Genetically Different (Sexual) and 1 Parent Involved (Asexual)

Disadvantages of Both Sexual and Asexual reproduction

2 Parents involved (Sexual) and No Genetic Diversity (Asexual)