Culture and Global Health

Multiculturalism

Consists of the ideas and ideals related to respect for and celebration of our cultural diversity, as well as formal initiatives as federal, provincial, and municiple levels to operationalize them

Cultural pluralism

Refers to diverse groups within a larger society maintaining their unique cultural identities, while living together harmoniously with their values and practices accepted provided that they are consistent with human rights and freedoms Types o

1. religious

2. linguistic

3. Sexual/gender

4. Ranges from ability and disability

Types of diversity include:

Minority group

A group associated with marginalized status, most often related to ethnicity, religion, gender, or sexual orientation

Marginalization

A social process in which groups and individuals are pushed to the edges of society where they are excluded from mainstream political, social, and economic life.

Visible minority

"“persons, other than Aboriginal peoples, who are non-Caucasian in race or non-white in colour” and consist mainly of the following groups: South Asian, Chinese, Black, Filipino, Latin American, Arab, Southeast Asian, West Asian, Korean, and Japanese

age,

gender,

and physical appearance

Attributes of visible diversity: [3]

religion

sexual orientation

Illness

occupation

other characteristics that are not apparent

Attributes of invisible diversity: [5]

values

Beliefs about the worth of something and serve as standards that influence behavior and thinking.

Values orientation

reflect the personality type of a particular society. The dominant ____________________ are shared by the majority of the group

Cultural competency

A compilation of knowledge, attitudes, and skills necessary to interact effectively with individuals and groups of the same or different cultures

Cultural humility

A lifelong process of self-reflection and critique that encompasses the recognition of power imbalances and the development of mutually beneficial partnerships between patient and provider

Intersectional perspective

Recognizes that all experiences of identity are unique and may involve multiple overlapping oppressions; Avoiding language that makes superficial assumptions or seeks to define individuals by a single identity

Cultural safety

Understanding of the limitations of cultural competence which is focused on the knowledge, skills, and attitudes. An outcome based on respectful engagement that results in people feeling safe when receiving care.

Traditional healing system

embodies the beliefs, values, and treatment approaches of a particular cultural group that are products of cultural development

Integrated health care

Care rooted in the belief that individuals should have the ability to make informed choices about their health care options, and the emphasis on wellness, holistic, and personalised care

spiritual, emotional, mental, and physical dimension

Holistic indigenous views of health as a balance between … [4]

Life expectancy

infant mortality rates

What are key indicators of overall health status? [2]

Non-status individuals

People living in Canada who are not authorized to enter or remain legally in Canada. They have limited or no access to public services

1. Cultural, economic, geographic, and language barriers

2. Forced migration, low income, limited language proficiency increase healt care decline

3. Being fearful or untrusting of western medicine

Health care issues for immigrants and refugees: [3]

1. Unsheltered

2. Emergency sheltered

3. Provisionally accommodated

4. At risk for homelessness

Four living situations that encompass homelessness:

1. Exposure to many diseases

2. Being underrepresented in literature

3. Poor health is a cause and effect of homelessness

Health issues of homeless populations

1. Poor access and inadequate resources to travel to facilities

2. Difficulty obtaining medications

3. Difficulty adhering to medication recommendations (ex: dietary restrictions)

Inequities in homeless populations relative to health care: [3]

1. temperatures

2. unsanitary living conditions

3. crowded shelters

4. poor nutrition

5. unsafe situations

Homeless populations are exposed to extremes in: [5]

1. disease

2. violence

3. unsanitary conditions

4. malnutrition

5. stress

6. addictive substances

Homeless populations are at risk of being exposed to :

Reaching home: Canada’s Homelessness Strategy

Community-based program that is aimed at preventing and reducing homelessness across Canada that provides funding to urban, rural, remote, and indigenous communities. Working to reduce homelessness by 50%

1. Mechanisms to stop or reduce risks of homelessness

2. Provision of emergency services such as shelters and day programs

3. Moving people into housing with necessary supports as rapidly as possible

Key recommendations as part of Reaching Home: Canada’s Homelessness Strategy

Influence health opportunities and outcomes to all people so that they can attain the highest possible level of health

Objective of the WHO

1. Promoting development

2. Fostering health security

3. Strengthening health systems

4. Harnessing research, information, and evidence

5. Enhancing partnerships

6. Improving performance

Six goals of the current agenda of the WHO:

Malnutrition

Deficiencies, excesses, or imbalances in a person’s intake of energy and/or nutrients

1. Undernutrition

2. micronutrient-related malnutrition

3. Overweight, obesity, and det-related noncommunicable diseases

Three broad groups of conditions under malnutrition

Undernutrition

A lack of calories and proteins, is widespread in low-income countries and is the most lethal form of malnutrition/hunger

Severe acute malnutrition

The presence of serious wasting and/or edema that requires immediate treatment because they have a higher risk of death. Sunken eyes, visible ribs, protruding shoulder blades.

1. Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)

2. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)

3. Ebola virus disease

4. Zika virus disease

5. HPV

6. MRSA

7. HIV/Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome

Global health emerging infections: [7]

Violence (WHO)

Intentional use of physical force or power, threatened or actual, against oneself, another person, or against a group or community, that either results in or has a high likelihood of resulting in injury, death, psychological harm, maldevelopment or deprivation

1. Defining the problem

2. Identifying risks and protective factors

3. Devising and testing means of dealing with violence

4. Applying successful means on a large scale

Four-step public health approach by WHO to prevent violence:

Terrorism

The threat creates a unique brand of fear among individuals and communities with increasingly connected global cultures.

1. Disaster nursing core competencies

2. Comprehensive curriculum for public health will help nurses plan for and streamline health care responses to mass events

3. Initial disaster management

4. Triage zones

Nursing roles

Bioterrorism

The deliberate terrorist release of a biological agent such as a virus, bacteria, or germ with the intention of causing death or illness

1. Anthrax

2. Smallpox

3. Category B diseases/agents

4. Category C diseases/agents

Examples of bioterrorist attacks [4]

1. limited access to essential infrastructures for survival related to food, water, shelter, and sanitation

2. Can lead to infectious disease outbreaks, infections, undernnutrition

3. PTSD

effects of natural disasters on well-being [2]