Cell Structure and Function

Which of the following is found in plant cells but not in animal cells?

Chloroplast, cell wall, permanent vacuole

The function of the mitochondria is to:

Produce energy through cellular respiration

What is the role of ribosomes in the cell?

Protein synthesis

The nucleus is surrounded by:

A nuclear envelope with pores

Which organelle packages and modifies proteins for transport?

Golgi apparatus

Why are cells generally very small in size?

A small size allows for a larger surface area to volume ratio

Which cell would be more efficient at exchanging materials with its environment? Explain why.

Cell A would be more efficient because it has a larger SA:V

Larger cells are less efficient than smaller cells. Suggest one way large organisms overcome this limitation while still having large overall size.

Large organisms are made up of many smaller cells to overcome this limitation smaller cells have large SA:V

Name three organelles found in both plant and animal cells

Nucleus, mitochondria, ribosomes

Explain two key differences between plant and animal cells.

Plant cells have a cell wall animal cells do not, plant cells have chloroplast for photosynthesis animal cells do not, plant cells also have larger more permanent vacuoles.

Describe the function of the cell membrane and explain why it is important for the cell’s survival

Membrane acts as a barrier to the external environment, it controls what enters and exits the cell, making sure nutrients that are needed for survival can enter and wastes can leave

What is the surface area to volume ratio (SA:V)

It is the relationship between the surface area (plasma membrane) and the volume (internal environment for the cell)

Why is the SA:V important for a cell

The larger the SA to volume the more efficiently molecules can enter the cell

What is the SA:V of a

60:30 = 2:1 = 4:2

What is the surface area of b

96:64 = 3:2

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eyepiece

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arm

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stage clip

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nose piece

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fine focus

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coarse focus

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objective lens

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stage

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diaphragm

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Light source

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base

Explain how magnification is calculated using the lens and eyepiece.

Multiply them together e.g. eyepiece 10, objective lens 10 magnification = 10 × 10 = 100

Steps to make a wet mount slide

collect glass slide, place specimen on slide, drop water or stain on specimen, place coverslip on top of specimen, place slide on microscope stage

Why are specimens often stained before being examined under the microscope?

To enhance features of the specimen so we can see them clearly under the microscope

Differences between prokaryote and eukaryote cells

Prokaryotes have no membrane bound organelles they are unicellular, Eukaryotic cells have membrane bound organelles can be multi or unicellular

Similarities between Eukaryote and Prokaryote cells

Both contain, cell membrane, genetic material, cytoplasm, ribosomes

Lysosome function

digesting invading cells, old, unwanted parts of cells and complex biomolecules

Chloroplast function

where photosynthesis takes place through a series of light dependent and independent reactions

Vacuole function

maintains osmotic pressure inside the cell and ensures that plant cells remain turgid

cell wall function

help maintain cell shape by providing structural support and protection from invading pathogens

Nucleus function

acts as the cell's control centre, housing the genetic material (DNA) and regulating cell activities, protein synthesis and ribosome production also take place in the nucleus

smooth er function

responsible for storing, synthesising and processing lipids

Rough er function

works with the ribosomes to process and produce 3d structures of protein, where glycoprotein is made

Plasma/cell membrane function

physical barriers preventing the movement of foreign bodies and other molecules into and out of the cell

Golgi Apparatus function

responsible for processing and packaging lipids and proteins it also produces lysosomes