AC2.1 Explain forms of social control

what are the three internal forms

• rational ideology / moral conscience

• tradition and culture

• internalisation of social rules and morality

what are the four external forms

• coercion

• fear of punishment

• agencies of social control

• the CJS

Edward Ross

individuals have deep rooted sentiments to help cooperating with fellow members of society

through sympathy, sociability and a sense of justice

Spencer

humans have a need for social control

exercise the need through rules and institutions

Karl Mannheim

• direct (formal) social control - written laws and rules, regulated by the state

• indirect (informal) social control - unwritten rules, behave to avoid disapproval

Gurvitch

organised

• behaviour of the individual is regulated through voluntary means or democratic ways (the legal system/ education systems)

unorganised

• exercised by the values of culture, traditions, fashion.

• this is an elastic type of social control as trends and public opinion changes over time

Hayes

sanctions

control by sanction - those acting accordingly are rewarded, those going against norms are punished

control through socialisation - society is taught to act accordingly

Reckless

inner containment - upbringing

outer containment - social groups

combination - both (prevents deviating from norms)

Hirschi

positive attachment through parents / school / peers

commitment - positive goals ( aiming for a good job)

involvement - social activity (sports clubs)

belief - in society values (crime free existence)

internal forms (moral conscience)

internal sense of right and wrong that guides an individuals behaviour.

formed through socialisation and personal experiences

moral conscience allows for guilt and shame

internal forms (tradition and culture)

guides people’s behaviour expectations (religious and moral codes)

influences how we view right and wrong

influences our culture and identity

internal forms (internalisation of social rules/morality

process which individuals adopt and make societal norms/values and morals.

learn right and wrong through primary socialisation

external forms (coercion)

using force/threats to ensure compliance

physical or psychological

external forms (agencies of social control)

institutions - regulate behaviour and enforce norms

(police, courts, military, schools)

shape behaviour due to sanctions

external forms (the CJS)

formal system comprising law enforcements, courts and correctional institutions

enforces law, prosecutes offenders, punishments

maintains social order

external forms (fear of punishment)

discourages deviant behaviour and promotes adherence to the norms