NYU INFO TECH

Four Stages of Processing Data

Input

Processing

Output

Storage

Information Technology VS Information Systems

Info Tech - the tech involving the development and implementation of computer systems and software

Info Systems- the systems and processes for collecting and using this data for business operations

Digital Revolution

the conversion from mechanical and analog devices to digital devices. Next revolution to be cyber physical systems.

Digital vs. Analog

digital reads a series of ones and zeros, while analog reads a continuous flow of data. Digital is faster and can be made without any loss.

Chief Security Officer (CSO)

Responsible for ensuring the security of IT systems

Chief Information Officer (CIO)

Oversees all uses of IT and ensures the strategic alignment of IT with business goals and objectives

Chief Technology Officer (CTO)

similar duties as CIO but focuses more on external customers. enhances company's product offering and tries to grow revenue

Porter's Five Forces

Also known as Industry and Company Analysis. A framework considering the interplay between (1) the intensity of rivalry among existing competitors, (2) the threat of new entrants, (3) the threat of substitute goods or services, (4) the bargaining power of buyers, and (5) the bargaining power of suppliers.

Cognizant's Digital Transformation Framework

1) Digitize the customer experience, 2) Digitize Products and Services, 3) Digitize the organizations, 4) Digitize operations.

Digital Transformation leads to better company equity through reduced costs, improved productivity, improved customer experience, and new digital products.

Mission Statement, IT mission statement, and IT vision

1) communicates the most important goal of organization. 2) describes the role of IT in the org 3) includes the ideal combo of technology to support mission

cost-benefit analysis

a decision-making process in which you compare what you will sacrifice and gain by a specific action

Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) Systems

manages daily operations and facilitates planning and drive efficiency. Information systems that correct a lack of communication among the functional area ISs by tightly integrating the functional area ISs via a common database.

Transaction Processing System (TPS)

supports the monitoring, collection, storage, and processing of data from the organization's basic business transactions, each of which generates data. Point-of-sale (POS) machines most common include cash registers, ATMs.

Supply Chain and Supply Chain Management (SCM) Systems

1) sequence of activities involved in producing and selling products or services includes all resources needed to sell a product. 2)support supply chain activities by monitoring, controlling, and facilitating supply chains.

Customer Relationship Management (CRM) Systems

software that organizes information about customers in a manner that facilitates efficient and personalized service

CRM: Market Research and Targeted Marketing

1) discover populations and regions that are most likely to purchase product. 2) promotes to people most likely to purchase products

Material Requirements Planning (MRP)

inventory control. a planning system that schedules the precise quantity of materials needed to make the product. takes inputs to better predict the future

Bill of Materials (BOM)

list of all raw materials and subcomponent demands to produce a product

Economic Order Quantity (EOQ)

the optimal order size to minimize overstocking and saves cost, without missing deadlines

Manufacturing Resource Planning (MRP II)

combines MRP with other related activities to plan the entire manufacturing process; uses master production schedule

Master Production Schedule (MPS)

specifies how much of each product is to be produced during the planning period and when that production should occur

Radio Frequency Identification (RFID)

a technology that stores information on small microchips that can transmit the information when they are within range of a special reader

electronic product code (EPC)

a code on an RIFD tag that provides more information than the universal product code (UPC)

Universal Product Code (UPC)

bar code printed on a label that has information about the item to which it is attached

computer-aided design (CAD)

tools to create, modify, and store designs and drawings electronically

Computer-aided manufacturing (CAM)

systems that instruct machines how to manufacture parts and assemble products

Challenges of ERP Systems

- They are complex

- They often require special tailoring for specific organizations

- They may not support a company's unique sets of

business processes

- They are expensive

- A process that becomes a weak link in one area

may negatively affect other integrated processes

Computer Hardware Components

Input Devices

Central Processing Unit (CPU)

Internal Memory

Storage

Output Devices

CPU (Central Processing Unit)

The key component of a computer system, which contains the circuitry necessary to interpret and execute program instructions

Control Unit (CU)

Processor component that manages the execution of instructions during the fetch-execute cycle.

Arithemtic-Logic Unit (ALU)

The part of the CPU that performs arithmetic and logical operations.

bus width

determines the number of bits that the computer can transmit at one time (eg 16-bit, 64-bit)

Clock Rate (GHz)

number of pulses per second so 3.0 GHz means 3.9 Giga(billion) pulses per second.

CPU Overall Speed (Throughput)

Bus Width(Capacity) = 64 bit * (number of processor chips)

Clock Rate * Capacity (Gbs/S (Gigabits)

We then divide by 8 to convert to (GB/s (Gigabytes))

Supercomputers

largest and fastest computers, capable of storing and processing tremendous volumes of data. Generally used by government, NASA, etc)

Mainframe computers

Large, powerful computers that are used for centralized storage, processing, and management of very large amounts of data. Generally used by banks, universities, and insurance companies

Servers

midrange category of computers. smaller and less powerful than mainframes. serve hundreds of users connected through desktops etc.

Personal Computers (PCs)

classic computing devices that are used by individuals. Power of PCs doubles about every two years

Quantum Computing

goes beyond binary digits, as qubits can incorporate the 0 and 1 existing at the same time (called superimposition) leads to faster processing speeds

Input Devices

keyboard, mouse, trackball, trackpad, touchscreen, speech/ voice recognition, imaging, motion sensors

Source-Data input Devices

copy data directly from sources such as bar codes, credit cards, and checks

Optimal Mark Recognition (OMR)

detects positions of marks or characters (Scantrons)

Optimal Character Recognition (OCR)

tries to interpret handwritten and printed text

Radio Frequency Identification (RFID)

uses electronic tags and labels to identify objects wirelessly over short distances

Bar Codes: UPC, MICR, Magnetic Strips

UPC- bar code on most products

magnetic-ink character recognition - automates check processing

Output Devices

monitors, printers, speakers

Features of Monitors

pixel, CRT(Cathode-Ray Tube)- old TVs used these to display images. Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) monitor uses liquid crystal filled screen.

Size, Contrast Ratio, refresh rate, resolution

Printers and their features

speed is pages per minute (ppm)

density / quality measured in dots per inch (DPI)

Most common are nonimpact printers through laser and does not mechanically impact the paper

3D printing

Rapid prototyping process that builds a part by ejecting adhesive bonding material onto successive layers of powders. Note that this term is often used to describe all rapid prototyping processes.

Stereolithography (SLA)

a rapid prototyping process that lays liquid in layers and uses a low power laser to direct layers

Storage

evaluated on

- cost

- capacity

- access speed

- access mode

- purpose

Magnetic Tapes (Sequential)

lowest cost

long time to copy from tape to tape

if destroyed, data is lost

Magnetic Disks (Direct)

most widely used storage medium

includes hard disks and floppy disks

Optical Disks (Sequential)

two basic categories Compact Discs (CDs) and Digital Video Discs (DVDs)

very quickly being replaces

very cheap

Solid State Storage

flash memory

fast access times

very little power needed

relatively immune to shock or vibration

Direct Attached Storage (DAS)

way to access storage

disk or array of disks directly connected to server or computer

easy to deploy and manage low cost

Network-Attached Storage (NAS)

device designed for networked storage

external hard disk labeled with different letters such as S or G referred to as S drive or G drive

Storage Area Network (SAN)

a high-speed network with the sole purpose of providing storage to other attached servers

Cloud Storage

an internet service that provides storage to computer users

RAID (redundant array of independent disks)

a group of two or more integrated hard disks

fault-tolerant

Business Considerations When Purchasing Hardware

scalability of hardware, hardware replacement is needed to avoid performance gaps , leasing hardware is viable options

Software

A series of related instructions, organized for a common purpose, that tells the computer what tasks to perform and how to perform them.

Application Software and System Software

two major categories of software.

applications - enables task completion

system- enables applications to run on a computer

High-Level programming languages

programming language that use english-like statements easier to understand and write

Source Code

program as originally written by the developer

Compiler

translates the entire source code into a machine-code file, and the machine-code file is then executed

Interpreter

scans one statement at a time running checking for errors in syntax

Application Software

computer software created to allow the user to perform a specific job or task

System Software

software responsible for the general operation of a computer system, including the operation of hardware, running application software, and file management

Application Program Interfaces (APIs)

software included in the OS that can be used by application program developers

Proprietary Software

software that is sold/licensed for profit

Open Source Software

free source code

accessible by everyone able to manipulate how you wish

Software as a Service (SaaS)

delivers applications over the cloud using a pay-per-use revenue model

Software Licensing Models

Permissive Model - anyone can use and sell modified versions

General Public License (GPL) - anyone can use and make modified version but cannot sell modified versions

Proprietary- codes is owned by someone who has the right to sell or license it to others

COUNTIF

counts the number of cells that meet a specific criteria or condition with a specified range

(criteria_range, criteria)

COUNTIFS

counts the number of cells that meet multiple criteria or conditions with a specified range

(criteria_range1, criteria1, criteria_range2, criteia2....)

SUMIFS

counts adds the values in one range of cells that meet multiple criteria or conditions within the same or another range of cells

(sum_range, criteria_range 1, criteria 1, criteria_range 2, criteria 2..)

SUMIF

counts adds the value in one range of cells that meet specific criteria or condition within the same or another range of cells

(criteria_range, criteria, sum_range)

VLOOKUPS & HLOOKUPS

run a search on a data table to find a specific value and return that value in a specified cell

(lookup_value, table_array, col/row_index_num, range_lookup)

Pivot Tables

data summarization tools, an aggregation technique for clean data that allows us to chart and visualize certain combinations of data. sico cuh alav

Tradition file Approach

no mechanism for tagging, retrieving, or manipulating data

high data redundancy

low data integrity

Database approach

provides powerful mechanism for managing and manipulating data

Database Management System (DBMS)

creates, reads, updates, and deletes data in a database while controlling access and security

Query

a message to the database requesting data from specific records and or fields

Database Administrator (DBA)

the person responsible for coordinating, controlling, and managing the database

Relational Database Model (RDBM)

consists of tables

based on relation data

tuple; record or row

attribute; filed or column

relation; table of records

join table combines two or more tables

primary key field by which records are uniquely identified

composite key combination of fields that server as a primary key

Entity Relationship Diagram (ERD)

a graphical representation of all entity relationships

Schema

a plan that describes the structure of the database, including names and size of fields, relationships and primary keys

Data Dictionary

a repository of information about the data and their organization

Metadata

additional details about the data

source of the data

tables related to the data

field and index information

programs and processes that use the data

population rules; what is inserted or updated and how often

SQL (Structured Query Language)

an international standard language for processing a database

Object-Oriented Database Model (ODBMS)

stores data objects not records

uses object-oriented approach for database structure

consists of different objects that have attributes and methods

operational information (transactional information)

the information collected and used in support of day to day needs in businesses and other organizations

Analytical Information

the information collected and used in support of analytical tasks

Data Warehouse

a large repository database that supports management decision making

Data Mart

a smaller collection of data focusing on a particular subject or department

ETL (extraction, transformation, and loading)

A process that extracts information from internal and external databases, transforms the information using a common set of enterprise definitions, and loads the information into a data warehouse

Dirty Data

data that is inaccurate, incomplete, inconsistent

30-60% of data is dirty and costs the US $3 trillion

created by governance (data from different departments), human error and program error

Ways to clean Dirty Data

Manual Cleaning - removing duplicates and inconsistencies

Establishing Rules- creating data governance principles that are practice enterprise-wide

Automation- investing in good programs to clean data

Tagging- providing visibility to origin of data to fix problem at the source

Big Data

data with sizes beyond the ability of commonly used software tools to capture, curate, manage and process data within a tolerable elapsed time