Life process

Macronutrients

Essential nutrients required in large amounts by the body, including carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids.

Micronutrients

Essential nutrients needed in small quantities for health, such as vitamins and minerals.

Carbohydrates

Nutrients composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a 2:1 ratio, classified into monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides.

Proteins

Nutrients made of amino acids, with properties like denaturation and solubility, essential for cell growth and enzyme production.

Lipids

Fats and oils with fewer oxygen atoms than carbohydrates, made up of fatty acids and glycerol, essential for cell membranes and energy storage.

Nutrient Tests

Laboratory tests like Benedict’s solution, iodine solution, biuret test, and emulsion test to identify carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids.

Vitamins and Minerals

Essential nutrients required in small amounts for healthy growth and development, with specific sources and functions.

Vitamin C

Essential vitamin sourced from West Indian cherries, citrus fruits, and raw green vegetables, important for tissue health and immune system strength.

Vitamin D

Crucial vitamin found in oily fish, eggs, and cod liver oil, promoting calcium absorption and strengthening bones and teeth.

Calcium

Mineral sourced from dairy products and green vegetables, vital for bone and teeth health, as well as blood clotting.

Iron

Mineral sourced from red meat, liver, eggs, beans, and nuts, necessary for haemoglobin production and oxygen transport in red blood cells.

Dietary Fibre

Indigestible food found in fruits, vegetables, and grains, beneficial for digestion, preventing constipation, and reducing cancer risk.

Balanced Diet

A diet containing carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, vitamins, minerals, water, and dietary fibre, essential for energy, growth, and health maintenance.

Malnutrition

Imbalance of nutrients in the diet, leading to undernutrition or overnutrition, with severe consequences for health.

Obesity

Excessive fat accumulation in the body due to high energy intake and low physical activity, associated with various health risks like hypertension and diabetes.

Anorexia

Serious mental health condition characterized by low body weight, often affecting girls and young women, leading to severe health consequences.

Protein-energy malnutrition (PEM)

Includes conditions like kwashiorkor and marasmus, caused by inadequate protein or energy intake, mainly affecting children in developing countries.

Tooth Decay

Caused by bacteria, saliva, and food forming plaque, leading to enamel and dentine erosion, cavities, and infections.

Enzymes

Biological catalysts specific to reactions, aiding in the breakdown of large food molecules through hydrolysis, influenced by temperature, pH, vitamins, and minerals.

Respiration

The process of releasing energy from food in living cells, catalyzed by enzymes and occurring in multiple stages, with ATP as the energy currency.

Aerobic Respiration

Process using oxygen in mitochondria to produce CO2, water, and 38 ATP.

Anaerobic Respiration

Occurs without oxygen, producing less energy and various byproducts.

Yeast Fermentation

Anaerobic respiration by yeast cells to produce ethanol, CO2, and 2 ATP for bread and alcohol.

Lactic Acid Fermentation

Anaerobic process by bacteria fermenting lactose in milk to produce lactic acid for yogurt.

Biogas Production

Anaerobic breakdown of organic matter by bacteria to produce biogas.

Oxygen Debt

Occurs in muscle cells during strenuous exercise, leading to lactic acid buildup and fatigue.

Circulatory System

Transports substances between body surfaces and cells.

Blood Components

Include red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets, and plasma.

Plasma

90% water and 10% dissolved substances, transports various materials in the blood.

Red Blood Cells

Structure, formation, and function in transporting oxygen and carbon dioxide.

White Blood Cells

Types, functions in immune response, and formation in bone marrow.

Platelets

Cell fragments aiding in blood clotting, formed in red bone marrow.

Blood Clotting

Process involving platelets, prothrombin, and fibrinogen to prevent blood loss.

Blood Groups

Classified based on antigens on red blood cells, ABO and rhesus systems.

Blood Vessels

Arteries, capillaries, and veins with differences in structure and function.

The Heart

Composed of cardiac muscle, divided into chambers, and functions as a pump.

Pacemaker

Sinoatrial node in the heart producing electrical impulses for contraction.

Cardiac Cycle

Involves diastole, atrial systole, and ventricular systole, maintaining blood pressure.

Double Circulation

Pulmonary and systemic circulation for oxygenation and supply to body organs.

Blood Pressure

Measurement in mm Hg, with ideal range and implications of high blood pressure.

Heart Attacks

Causes, risk factors, and symptoms like chest pain, shortness of breath, and weakness.

Lymphatic System

Components, functions in waste removal, pathogen defense, and fat absorption.

Skeletal System

Made of bones and cartilage, supporting movement, protection, and blood cell production.

Appendicular Skeleton

Includes limbs, pectoral and pelvic girdles, for attachment and movement.

Excretion

Process of removing metabolic waste to maintain internal balance and prevent toxicity.

Urinary System

Components like kidneys, ureter, bladder, and urethra for waste excretion and fluid balance.

Skin

Largest organ with layers like epidermis and dermis, functions in protection and temperature regulation.

Homeostasis

Maintaining internal balance through negative feedback mechanisms and osmoregulation.

Blood Glucose Regulation

Mechanisms involving insulin and glucagon to control blood glucose levels.

Coordination and Control

Monitoring stimuli, responses through nervous and endocrine systems for body regulation.

Neurones Properties

Key properties of neurones are irritability and conductivity.

Nerves

Cordlike bundles of nerve fibers surrounded by connective tissue, transmitting impulses between CNS and the body.

Sensory Nerves

Afferent nerves carrying impulses from receptors to the CNS.

Motor Nerves

Efferent nerves carrying impulses from the CNS to effectors.

Synapses

Tiny gaps between neurones for communication, allowing neurotransmitter release and one-directional impulse travel.

Voluntary Actions

Controlled by the cerebrum, initiated consciously through sensory neurones or spontaneously.

Involuntary Actions

Occur without conscious thought, rapid, and simple.

Reflex Arc

Components include receptor, sensory neurone, relay neurone, motor neurone, and effector.

Sense Organs

Specialized receptor cells detecting stimuli and converting them into electrical impulses.

Eye Conditions

Conditions like myopia, hypermetropia, astigmatism, glaucoma, and cataract affecting vision.

Endocrine System

Composed of endocrine glands secreting hormones into the blood for various functions.

Reproductive System

Involves asexual and sexual reproduction, with male and female reproductive organs for gamete production.

Menstrual Cycle

Involves ovulation, menstruation, and hormonal regulation by FSH, LH, estrogen, and progesterone.

Birth Process

From fertilization to birth, including embryo development, placenta formation, and umbilical cord function.

Prenatal and Postnatal Care

Essential care for the mother and newborn before and after birth, including nutrition and regular checkups.

Birth Control Methods

Various methods like abstinence, condoms, pills, and IUDs for family planning and preventing unintended pregnancies.

Breastfeeding

Breast milk as complete food, digestion process, and its benefits for baby development.

Homeostasis

Body's ability to maintain internal stability through negative feedback mechanisms.

Eye Changes

Aging-related changes in eye focus and potential relation to pituitary gland function.

Menstrual Cycle and Pregnancy

Ovarian egg release, uterine preparation, and hormonal regulation during the menstrual cycle.