CHAPTER 1 INTRO TO GENETICS

Bioinformatics

Bioinformatics

________- created to develop hardware and software for processing nucleotide and protein data.

Preformationism

________- fertilized egg contains a complete miniature adult (homunculus)

Population growth

________ is aided by environment adaptation of heritable traits for survival.

Sickles

________- shaped cells block blood flow in capillaries and small blood vessels.

Hemoglobin

________- protein that transports oxygen.

Codon

________- triplet of proteins, complementary to DNA.

Restriction

________ enzymes- used to by bacteria to cut and inactivate DNA.

Cells

________ produced receive only one chromosome from each chromosome pair.

Dolly

________- a finn dorset sheep from the genetic material of an adult mammary cell.

Genotype

________- set of alleles for a given traits.

Transgenic Organisms

________- transfer of heritable traits across species.

Proteomics

________- identifies set of protein present in a cell under conditions.

Louis Pasteur

________- disproved spontaneous generation.

Danio rerio

________- study vertebrate development, produces rapidly and transparent.

Enzymes

________- form the largest category of proteins.

Genome

________- complete haploid DNA content of a specific organism.

Matthias Schleiden

________ and Theodor Schwann- proposed the Cell Theory.

Mutation

________- heritable changes in the DNA sequence.

Caenorhabditis

________ elegans- few hundred cells.

Phenotype

________- observable features.

James Watson

________ and Francis Crick- structure of DNA is a double helix.

CRISPR

________ (clustered regularly interspersed short palindromic repeats) refers to the part of the bacterial genome that produces RNA molecules.

nucleotide sequence

The ________ in one strand of DNA is used to construct a complementary RNA sequence.

Proteins

________- polymers made up of amino acids (20 kinds)

Chromosomes

________ are copied and distributed so each daughter cell receives a diploid set of chromosomes identical to those in the parent cell.

proper amino

Recognize the information encoded in the mRNA codons and carry the ________ acids for construction of the protein during translation.

DNA

________ is the carrier of genetic information- Oswald Avery, Colin Macleod, and Maclyn McCarty (discovered through white- eyed Drosophila)

Cas nuclease

scissors and cuts DNA

Preformationism

fertilized egg contains a complete miniature adult (homunculus)

Matthias Schleiden and Theodor Schwann

proposed the Cell Theory

Louis Pasteur

disproved spontaneous generation

The Cell Theory

all organisms are composed of basic structural cells which are derived from preexisting cells

1859

"On the Origin" of Species published by Charles Darwin

Natural selection

Alfred Russel Wallace

• The gap in Darwin Theory

lack of understanding of genetic basis of variation and inheritance

• Chromosome Theory of Inheritance

heredity and development were dependent on genetic information in genes contained in chromosomes which were then contributed to each individual by gametes

Genes

"a pair of factors"

Humans

46 diploid number

Sutton and Boveri

formulated the theory

The Chromosomal Theory of Inheritance

inherited traits are controlled by genes residing on chromosomes transmitted through gametes, maintaining genetic continuity from generation to generation

Mutation

heritable changes in the DNA sequence

Phenotype

observable features

Genotype

set of alleles for a given traits

DNA is the carrier of genetic information

Oswald Avery, Colin Macleod, and Maclyn McCarty (discovered through white-eyed Drosophila)

James Watson and Francis Crick

structure of DNA is a double helix

Nucleotides

subunits (Adenine, Guanine, Thymine, Cytosine)

RNA

single stranded (ribose than deoxyribose)

mRNA

binds to a ribosome

Codon

triplet of proteins, complementary to DNA

Proteins

polymers made up of amino acids (20 kinds)

rTNA

recognize the information encoded in the mRNA codons and carry the proper amino acids for construction of the protein during translation

Enzymes

form the largest category of proteins

Hemoglobin

protein that transports oxygen

DNA Cloning

Dolly

Restriction enzymes

used to by bacteria to cut and inactivate DNA

Vectors

DNA fragments

Genome

complete haploid DNA content of a specific organism

Dolly

a finn dorset sheep from the genetic material of an adult mammary cell

Transgenic Organisms

transfer of heritable traits across species

Genomics

study of genomes

Proteomics

identifies set of protein present in a cell under conditions

Bioinformatics

created to develop hardware and software for processing nucleotide and protein data

Reverse genetics

sequence is known but function not so

Gene Knockout

render targeted genes nonfunctional

Caenorhabditis elegans

few hundred cells

Arabidopsis thaliana

short life cycle

Danio rerio

study vertebrate development, produces rapidly and transparent