History Test 2

French Revolution

The french revolution was a period of social disruption during 1789-1799. Began with the storming of the bastille (1789) and ended with the execution of King Louis XVI. The French made their own declaration of rights, to which the women wanted new rights as well (applying enlightenment to politics and society)

Congress of Vienna

An international congress that sought to reorganize Europe after Napolean’s downfall (1814-1815). They opposed liberalism, nationalism, socialism, and capitalism but supported monarchy

Otto Von Bismarck

He was the chancellor of Prussia (a southeast German state) who unifies Germany in 1866 to 1871 through three wars. Afterwards it resulted in a German Empire called Deutsches Reich

Nationalism

The idea that members of a shared community should have authority within the borders of their state. Each nation should have its own state and each state should be dominated by one nation

Haitian Revolution

A slave rebellion in 1791 in Haiti (a French colony in the Caribbean). Ends in 1804 with Haiti being independent. Has Toussaint L’Ouverture led the fight for France and then is jailed by them

Liberalism

A political and social theory that advocates for representative government, free trade, as well as freedom of speech and religion. Believed you should let it be (laissez-faire) and have a self regarding the market (Adam Smith)

Socialism

A political theory that calls for a classless society with collective ownership of all property. An example would be the People’s Republic of China which wanted to have a socialist community and eventually a communist one (1949)

Industrialization

The process of transforming a nation’s economy from a focus on agriculture to a focus on manufacturing. Some of the technologies include the steam engine and cotton gin, the introduction of textiles, and railways. Led by Britain in the 18th century

Karl Marx

A German philosopher and economist who created Marxism. He believed that a revolution of the working class would overthrow the capitalistic order and create a classless society. He said “workers of the world unite” and his parties spread throughout Europe in 1880s

Utopian Socialists

Utopian Socialism was considered the most visionary restoration-era movement in the 19th century. It consists of cooperation and sharing resources and is NOT about violence. Charles Fourier was an example of a Utopian Socialist who dreamed of transforming things like states, workplaces, and human relations

Tanzimat Reforms

The Tanzimat was a reorganization period of the Ottoman Empire (mid-19th century). The reforms affected the military, trade, foreign relations, and civilian life

Abdul Hamid

A sultan for the Ottoman Empire in the 19th to early 20th centuries. Was rebelled by the Young Turks in 1908 (Young Turks Revolution). The Armenian Massacres happened under his rule.

Young Turks

A political reform movement for Turkish nationalism in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. They wanted a modernized, non-religious Turkish state and rebelled against Abdul Hamid II in 1908 called the Young Turks Revolution

Great Reforms (Russia)

Led by Tsar Alexander II in the 1860s. It changed things such as emancipating serfs, reduction in military services, and the spread of more educational access because they lost the Crimean War

Russian Revolution of 1905

The first Russian revolution; a wave of political and social unrest directed toward the Tsar and ruling class; leads to the real Russian Revolution of 1917

Modernization

An effort to break older ideals and develop new economic and political ways. Things such as linkage through capitalism, increasing education and transportation, and more democracy were included. (Mainly in 19th century)

Qing Dynasty

A minority group of people called the Manchu ruled over China and incorporated new territories, experienced substantial population growth, and sustained significant economic growth (1644-1911). Starts with Emporer Kanxi and continued the use of Scholar-Genrty which led to the decline in the 18th century

Opium Wars

Two wars that were fought between the British and Qing China over British trade in opium. The result was that China granted the British the right to trade in five different ports and gave up Hong Kong to the British. After the war, there was more foreign influence (Mid 19th century)

Boxer Rebelion

A Chinese peasant movement that opposed foreign influence with the goal of saving Chinese dignity. It was over after the Boxers were defeated by an army composed of mostly foreign troops (Japanese, Russians, British, French, and American) (1899-1901)

Meiji Japan

The reign of the Meiji Empire; was characterized by industrialization, military reforms, political transformation such as a new constitution (1889), and the abolition of the Japanese feudal order (1868-1912)

Cecil Rhodes

Known as the champion of imperialism; He brought multiple territories together into the British Empire as part of an idea to have British territories stretch all the way from the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa to Cario Egypt (1853-1902).

The Great Game

A competition over areas such as Turkistan, present day Iran, and Afghanistan (central Asia). The British (in India) and the Russians believed that controlling these areas was crucial to preventing their enemies’ expansion

Chinua Achebe

A Nigerian novelist and poet known as the most dominant figure of modern African literature; wrote the novel “Things Fall Apart” which holds a pivotal place in African literature (1930-2013)

The White Man’s Burden

A poem that was written by Rudyard Kipling; about the Philippine-American War which led to the encouragement of the United States to assume colonial control over the Filipino people and their country

Spanish-American War

A War between the United States and Spain in Cuba, Puerto Rico, and the Philippines. It ended with Cuba winning partial independence and the United States gaining the Philippines, Guam, and Puerto Rico (1898).

Hidalgo

Known as Father Migual de Hidalgo; he led a revolt against Spain in 1810 for Mexican independence but fails, however, eventually Mexico does gain their independence in 1821

Gran Colombia

Most of the northern part of South America and some of the southern part of Central America that Simon Bolivar was president of (1819-1831)

Simon Bolivar

A Venezuelan military leader who urged his followers to overcome their local identities and become “American.” He wanted the liberated South American countries to form a Latin American confederation, urging Peru and Bolivia to join Venezuela, Ecuador and Colombia in the “Gran Colombia” (1783-1830).

Monroe Doctrine

The United States enforces a no-establishing colonial rule in the Americas; Defending Latin America from Spain and maybe even establishing American domination (1823)

Gauchos

Argentine, Brazilian, and Uruguayan cowboys (and national symbols) who wanted a decentralized federation, with freedom for their provinces and respect for their way of life. The beef production of Argentina was important to their history in the 1880s

Mexican-American War

a war between Mexico and the united states that resulted in half of, then, Mexico (such as present-day California and texas) being taken over by the United States; which led to Mexican resentment toward the United States (1846-1848)

Central Powers

The alliance of Germany and Austria-Hungary (and later adding the Ottoman Empire) in World War I

Treaty of Versailles

When the world wanted to establish a durable peace, five treaties were signed. The Treaty of Versailles was the most important peace treaty of World War I that was signed on June 28th, 1919 in France and was a settlement between the Allied Powers and Germany

Trench Warfare

Instead of letting the Great War be quick, armies dug trenches that led to stalemates plus disease, boredom, and millions of casualties. These trenches were along the Western Front (the English Channel through Belgium and France to Switzerland) and were installed with barbed wire and set up with machine-gun posts

Woodrow Wilson

An American President who was in office during World War I (1917-1921) and developed a blueprint for peace in Europe (The Fourteen Points) that was used by the victorious powers. He said “A War to End All Wars”

League of Nations

An organization that was founded after World War I (1920) to solve international disputes through negotiation; it was dissolved in 1946 and its assets were transferred to the United Nations

Lenin

Vladimir Lenin was an intellectual leader of the Bolshevik Party in Russia and the first leader of the Soviet Union (1870-1924). He said “Power was lying on the streets, we merely stooped to pick it up” and wanted to put an end to the war

Trotsky

Leon Trotsky was an intelligent leading Marxist Russian revolutionary and Soviet politician who also aligned with the Bolsheviks party after Lenin (1920s)

Russian Revolutions of 1917

Two revolutions that were called the February Revolution and the Bolsheviks Revolution. The February Revolution was when Tsar Nicholas II stepped down from the generals’ pressure since they wanted to reject the unrest in St. Petersberg which they believed threatened the eastern front war effort. The Bolsheviks Revolution was led by Lenin and had Bolsheviks draw support from soldiers and factory workers that were organized in soviets

Stalin

Joseph Stalin was a leader of the Bolsheviks Party (Now Communism) and the Soviet Union who sought to create socialism in one country (1878-1953 during WWII). Wasn’t seen as a threat by Lenin until it was too late and Stalin won in the late 1920s

Collectivization

A policy to transform traditional agriculture and reduce the economic power of the peasants in the Soviet Union (most intense in 1930s). The policy forced peasants to give up their individual farmland and combine them into larger units of farmland owned and ran by regime loyalists. To retaliate, many peasants detroyed their crops and livestock and the government responded by deporting the protesters. Harvests declined anyway and famine continued to kill

GULag

An administrative name for the vast system of forced labor camps under the Soviet authoritative government. It originated in a small monastery near the Artic Circle and spread throughout the Soviet Union and to other Soviet-style countries. Various kinds of forced labor were required of both ordinary criminals and those accused of political crimes. Already exists in 1918, grows in the 1930s, and uses slave labor until the 1950s (When Stalin dies)

Facism

A form of hypernationalism that emerged in Europe after World War I (Great War), in which a charismatic leader was followed by a mass party and supported by established elites and churches and existing government institutions. Facists movements were widespread but came to power only in Italy and Germany

Benito Mussolini

The Italian Dictator and founder of the fascist movement in Italy. During World War II, he joined Italy with Germany and Japan (1883-1945). His solution was: one-man rule

Adolf Hitler

The German dictator and leader of the Nazi party who siezed power in Germany after its economic colapse in the Great Depression. Him and his Nazi authoritative government started World War II in Europe and started the genocide of Jews and other non-Aryan groups in the name of racial purity

Great Depression

A worldwide depression following the United States stock market crash on October 29th, 1929. Impacted Europe, Asia, and countries without developed industries