Psychology U3 AOS3 Learning

AOS2

Behaviourist Approach

Theory: behaviours are learned through interactions with the environment as a result of **conditioning:** the behaviour is dependent on a stimulus occurring

Learning (n.)

A relatively permanent, long-term change in behaviour due to experience

Learning (v.)

The process of acquiring knowledge or skills as a result of experiences

Classical Conditioning

Learning through the involuntary association of a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus, that results in a conditioned response

Passive Learning

the subject is conditioned without making any conscious effort to try and learn the response

Before Conditioning

The unconditioned response already exists for the Unconditioned Stimulus. There is no response associated with the Neutral Stimulus

During Conditioning

The two stimuli are associated or paired. The neutral stimulus is presented and then followed by the unconditioned stimulus. Must be repeated multiple times for learning to take place

Acquisition

The stimuli become association or paired - learning process

After Conditioning

The stimulus now triggers the same response as the unconditioned stimulus - acquisition has occurred

Conditioned Response

a learned and involuntary behaviour that is similar to the unconditioned response, which is associated with the conditioned stimulus

Operant Conditioning

Learning actively through a three-phase process of voluntary actions followed by reinforcement or punishment

Positive

Adding a stimulus that creates either pleasant or unpleasant response to impact behaviour.

Negative

**Removing** a pleasant or unpleasant stimulus to either increase or reduce behaviour.

Reinforcement

A consequence that increases the likelihood of a behaviour reoccurring

Punishment

A consequence that **decreases** the likelihood of a behaviour reoccurring

Antecedent

The stimulus or the situation that precedes a certain behaviour

Behaviour (OC)

The voluntary action that occurs in the presence of the antecedent

Consequence

The outcome of the behaviour, which determines the likelihood that it will occur again

Social-Cognitive Approach

Theory: learning occurs in social settings involving cognitive processes and observation. Learning can occur without displaying a response

Observational Learning

Learning can occur by observation. Learning can occur without displaying a response.

Attention

Stage 1. The learner **actively** focuses on the behaviour of the model

Retention

Stage 2. The learner creates a lasting mental representation of the behaviour.

Reproduction

Stage 3. The learner has the mental and physical ability to perform the behaviour.

Motivation

Stage 4. The learner has the **desire** to reproduce the behaviour.

Reinforcement

Stage 5. The learner’s behaviour can be reinforced by positive consequences - self-reinforcement, external reinforcement, vicarious reinforcement

Country

the traditional lands of a particular Indigenous language or cultural group, including both geographical locations and the spiritual, emotional, and intellectual connections to and within it

Kinship

determines where a person fits into their community: where knowledge can be transmitted, who can hold different knowledge, who can transmit knowledge to whom

Relationships

Learning is embedded in relationships. Relationships exist between concepts, learner and teacher, individuals and families, and Country.

Multimodal System

A number of different processes and senses are employed in learning

Story-Sharing

Eight ways of knowing - continual narratives and story-sharing with information, e.g. dreamtime stories

Learning Maps

Eight ways of knowing - plans and visualisation of processes and knowledge

Non-Verbal Learning

Eight ways of knowing - sharing knowledge through dance, art, or observation

Symbols and Images

Eight ways of knowing - representations of landmarks, animals or objects

Non-Linear Learning

Eight ways of knowing - taking knowledge from different viewpoints to create new understanding, comparing common aspects of concepts

Land Links

Eight ways of knowing - Knowledge has inherent links to nature, land and Country. place based learning

Community Links

Eight ways of knowing - learning is shared with others in the community, learning is used to meet the needs of the community

Deconstruct/Reconstruct

Eight ways of knowing - breaking down concepts from whole parts, then applying information