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What are the 3 types of bonds
Metallic bonds
Ionic bonds
Covalent bonds
What are the limitations of using a Dot-cross diagram
They don't show the 3D arrangement of atoms
They don’t show relative sizes
They don’t show the extent of large structures like ionic lattices
What are the limitations of using a Ball and stick diagram
Misrepresents atom sizes
Misrepresents bond lengths
What is the empirical formula
The simplest, whole number ratio of atoms of each element in a compound
How are elements in metallic bonds arranged
They are arranged in a giant metallic lattice
What is Particle theory
The idea “all matter is composed of tiny indivisible particles too small to see”
Factors that affect the melting point of a substance
Intermolecular forces
Molecular size
Molecular shape
What are the limitations of particle theory
Doesn’t take in account:
The size of particles
The shape of particles
The space between particles
What does (l) mean when used in chemical equations
The element is in liquid form
What does (s) mean when used in chemical equations
The element is in solid form
What does (g) mean when used in chemical equations
The element is in gas form
What does (aq) mean when used in chemical equations
The element is in a state where it can dissolve in water
How do ionic compounds effect their properties
Increase the melting/boiling point
Makes the compound brittle
Makes the compound only to conduct electricity and heat in its molten or aqueous state
How the structure of polymers affects their properties
The structure of polymers impacts their properties, by increasing:
Strength
Flexibility
Transparent
Resistance to heat and chemicals.
How the structure of giant covalent structures affects their properties
The structure of giant covalent strucutres impacts their properties, by increasing:
Melting and Boiling points
Hardness
How the structure of metals and alloys affects their properties
The structure of alloys impacts their:
Strength and Hardness
Malleability and Ductility
Conductivity
Corrosion resistance
Why are alloys good conductors
They contain delocalised electrons
Properties of graphite in terms of their structure and bonding
Carbon atoms form 3 covalent bonds with 3 other carbon atoms forming layers of hexagonal rings which have no covalent bonds between them
Properties of diamond in terms of their structure and bonding
Each 4 carbon atoms make 4 strong covalent bonds with 4 other carbon atoms to give a rigid giant covalent structure
Properties of graphene in terms of their structure and bonding
A layer of interlocking hexagonal rings of carbon atoms that are one atom thick
What is the structure of fullerene
Hexagonal rings of carbon atoms joined by covalent bonds
What is the structure of Buckminsterfullerene
A spherical, cage-like structure consisting of 60 carbon atoms arranged in 20 hexagons and 12 pentagons, (resembles a football)
What is a carbon nanotube
A tube-shaped structure made of carbon atoms that is measured in nanometers.
What is the structure of a carbon nanotube
A hollow, cylindrical structures formed by rolling up a single layer of graphene into a seamless tube
What is a catalyst
A substance that speeds up a chemical reaction without being used up in the process
Uses for carbon nanotubes
Medicine
Cosmetics
Fabrics
Development of catalysts
Advantages/Disadvantages of using CNTs for medicine
Advantages:
Tissue engineering- CNTs can be used as scaffolds for tissue regeneration and repair
Disadvantages:
Lack of solubility- CNTs are not water-soluble, which can limit their use in certain applications
Advantages/Disadvantages of using CNTs for cosmetics
Advantages:
UV Protection- CNTs can absorb and block UV radiation, making them potential ingredients in sunscreens.
Disadvantages:
High cost production- Synthesising high-purity CNTs is expensive, which limits their scalability in mainstream cosmetic products.
Advantages/Disadvantages of using CNTs for fabrics
Advantages:
Lightweight and Flexible- CNTs are ultra-lightweight, maintaining flexibility while enhancing performance
Disadvantages:
Environmental concern- CNTs are not biodegradable
Advantages/Disadvantages of using CNTs for development of catalysts
Advantages:
CNTs offer a high surface area, which provides more active sites for catalytic reactions
Disadvantages:
Concerns exist around the toxicity persistence of CNTs, especially if they leach out during or after catalytic processes.
