AP Human geo ch10 vocab

Agribusiness

Commercial agriculture characterized by the integration of

different steps in the food

processing industry.

Agriculture

The deliberate effort to modify a portion of Earth’s surface

through the cultivation of crops and the raising of livestock.

Aquaculture (or aquafarming)

The cultivation of seafood under controlled

conditions.

Bid

rent curve

for land declines with increasing distance from the market.

Cash crop

A crop that is grown for sale rather than for the farmer’s own use.

Cereal grain

A grass that yields grain for food.

Columbian Exchange

The transfer of plants and animals, as well as

people, culture, and technology, between the Western Hemisphere and

Europe, as a result of European colonialization and trade.

Commercial agriculture

Agriculture undertaken primarily to generate

products for sale off the farm.

Commercial gardening

Agriculture focusing on the production of fruits,

vegetables, and other horticulture.

Conservation tillage

A method of soil cultivation that reduces soil erosion

and runoff.

Crop

A plant cultivated by people.

Crop rotation

The practice of rotating use of different fields from crop to

crop each year to avoid exhausting the soil.

Dairy farm

A form of commercial agriculture that specializes in the

production of milk and other dairy products.

Desertification (also known as semiarid land degradation)

Degradation of

land, especially in semiarid areas, primarily because of human actions

such as excessive crop planting, animal—grazing, and tree cutting.

Dietary energy consumption

The amount of food that an individual

consumes, measured in kilocalories (Calories in the United States).

Double cropping

Harvesting twice a year from the same field.

First agricultural revolution

The process that began when human beings

first domesticated plants and animals and no longer relied entirely on

hunting and gathering.

Fishing

The capture of wild fish and other seafood living in the waters.

Food security

Physical, social, and economic access at all times to safe

and nutritious food sufficient to meet dietary needs and food preferences for an active and healthy life.

Genetically modified organism (GMO)

A living organism that possesses

a novel combination of genetic material obtained through the use of

modern biotechnology.

Grain

Seed of a cereal grass.

Herbicide

A chemical used to control unwanted plants.

Horticulture

Growing of fruits, vegetables, flowers, and tree crops.

Intensive subsistence agriculture

A form of subsistence agriculture in

Asia’s major population concentrations in which farmers expend a large

amount of effort to produce the maximum feasible yield from a parcel of

land.

Milkshed

the area surrounding a city from which milk is supplied.

Mixed crop and livestock farming

Commercial farming characterized by

integration of crops and livestock; most of the crops are fed to animals

rather than consumed directly by humans.