AP Psychology Unit 7 Test Rev.

[ ] Tuesday/Wednesday: Master cards in Learn Mode (Focus on Written Response). [ ] Thursday: Run 2-3 Practice Tests (Set to Multiple Choice). [ ] Friday: Quick Spaced Repetition for the "Hard" cards only.

Social psychology

scientific study of how we think about, influence, and relate to one another

Attribution Theory

tendency to explain behavior by crediting either the situation or the person’s disposition

Fundamental attribution error

tendency for observers to underestimate situational impact and overestimate personal disposition

Self-serving bias

tendency to credit our successes to our disposition and our failures to situational factors

Actor-observer bias

tendency to attribute our own behavior to situations but others’ behavior to their disposition

Internal locus of control

perception that one controls one’s own fate

External locus of control

perception that chance or outside forces determine one’s fate

Optimistic explanatory style

tendency to explain positive events as internal and negative events as external

Elaboration Likelihood Model

theory outlining two main routes to persuasion: central and peripheral

Peripheral route persuasion

occurs when people are influenced by incidental cues like a speaker’s attractiveness

Central route persuasion

occurs when people focus on arguments and respond with favorable thoughts

Foot-in-the-Door Phenomenon

tendency for people who first agreed to a small request to comply later with a larger request

Door-in-the-face Phenomenon

tendency for people to agree to a small request after refusing a large initial request

Cognitive dissonance

tension experienced when attitudes and actions clash, leading to a change in attitude

Normative social influence

influence resulting from a person’s desire to gain approval or avoid disapproval

Informational social influence

influence resulting from one’s willingness to accept others’ opinions about reality

Social Contagion

spontaneous spread of behaviors like yawning or laughing within a group

Chameleon effect

unconsciously mimicking others' gestures and expressions to improve likability

Solomon Asch study

experimental proof that individuals often conform to a group's incorrect judgment

Stanley Milgram study

research demonstrating that ordinary people can be corrupted by an evil situation to follow orders

Role

set of expectations about a social position defining how those in the position ought to behave

Stanford prison study

demonstration of how role-playing and situational power affect attitudes and behavior

Social Facilitation

improved performance on simple or well-learned tasks in the presence of others

Social Impairment

performing worse on difficult or unfamiliar tasks when an audience is present

Spotlight effect

overestimating others' noticing and evaluating our appearance or performance

Social Loafing

tendency for people in a group to exert less effort when pooling efforts toward a common goal

Deindividuation

loss of self-awareness and restraint in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity

Group Polarization

enhancement of a group’s prevailing attitudes through discussion among like-minded people

Groupthink

occurs when the desire for group harmony overrides a realistic appraisal of alternatives

Relative deprivation principle

the perception that one is worse off relative to those with whom one compares oneself

Minority influence

the power of one or two individuals to sway majorities

Prejudice

unjustified negative attitude toward a group and its members

Discrimination

unjustifiable negative behavior toward a group or its members

Stereotype

generalized belief about a certain group of people used to reduce cognitive load

Explicit Prejudice

a negative attitude against a specific social group that is consciously held

Implicit prejudice

negative attitude against a social group of which one is not consciously aware

Scapegoat theory

theory that prejudice offers an outlet for anger by providing someone to blame

Just world phenomenon

tendency for people to believe the world is just and people get what they deserve

Other-race effect

tendency to recall faces of one’s own race more accurately than other races

Ethnocentrism

the belief that one’s own ethnic group or culture is superior to others

In-group bias

the tendency to favor one's own group over others

Out-group homogeneity bias

tendency to view members of an out-group as being more similar than they actually are

Frustration-aggression principle

blocking an attempt to achieve a goal creates anger which generates aggression

Social scripts

culturally modeled guides for how to act in various situations

Proximity

geographical nearness, which is the most powerful predictor of friendship

Mere exposure effect

phenomenon where repeated exposure to novel stimuli increases liking of them

Reward theory of attraction

we like those whose behavior is rewarding or who help us achieve goals

Stimulation value

quality of a friend being interesting or introducing new ideas

Utility value

quality of a friend being cooperative and helpful in achieving goals

Ego-support value

quality of a friend providing sympathy and encouragement

Halo Effect

tendency to perceive attractive people as more intelligent and sociable

Reciprocal Liking

enjoying someone's company specifically because they like you

Two factor theory of emotion

emotions consist of physical arousal plus cognitive appraisal

Passionate love

aroused state of intense positive absorption in another at the start of a relationship

Companionate love

deep affectionate attachment felt for those with whom our lives are intertwined

Equity

condition in which people receive from a relationship in proportion to what they give

Self-disclosure

revealing intimate aspects of oneself to others to build companionate love

Altruism

unselfish regard for the welfare of others

Bystander Effect

tendency for any given bystander to be less likely to give aid if others are present

Diffusion of responsibility

shared belief in a group that "someone else" should take action

Social exchange theory

theory that social behavior is an exchange aiming to maximize benefits and minimize costs

Reciprocity norm

expectation that people will help, not hurt, those who have helped them

Social-responsibility norm

expectation that people will help those needing their help as a social duty

Social trap

situation where conflicting parties pursue self-interest and become caught in mutually destructive behavior

Mirror-image perceptions

mutual views held by conflicting people where each side sees itself as ethical and the other as evil

Self-fulfilling prophecy

belief that leads to its own fulfillment

Superordinate goals

shared goals that override differences among people and require their cooperation

GRIT

strategy designed to decrease international tensions through graduated and reciprocated initiatives

Tight Culture

culture where people are very likely to obey social norms

Explaining that a student failed a test because "the room was too hot"

Situational attribution

Claiming a driver cut you off because "they are a jerk"

Dispositional attribution

Athletes performing better at their home stadium with a cheering crowd

Social Facilitation

A group project where one member does nothing because the grade is shared

Social Loafing

Mob behavior during a riot where individuals feel anonymous and aroused

Deindividuation