Photosynthesis
Conversion of light energy (sunlight) into chemical energy (glucose).
Light Dependent Stage
First stage of photosynthesis. Occurs in the thylakoid membranes of the chloroplasts. It involves using light energy to make ATP. Other products are NADPH and oxygen
Light Independent Stage (Calvin Cycle)
RUBISCO combines CO2 with RuBP to produce an unstable intermediate which splits into two PGA molecules. PGA is reduced to G3P using the energy from ATP and reduced NADPH. 5 carbons are recycled to form RuBP and one is discarded to later form glucose
Co-enzyme
A complex organic molecule which helps certain enzymes to function correctly
NADP+
A carrier molecule that transfers high-energy electrons
NADPH
A loaded electron carrier that provides high-energy electrons
ATP
(adenosine triphosphate) main energy source that cells use for most of their work
Sunlight
initial source of energy in photosynthesis
Chloroplast
Site of photosynthesis
chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b
light absorbing pigments (particularly blue and red wavelengths)
thylakoids, grana
The inner flat sac like membranes of the chloroplast which are a site of the light dependent stage
stroma
fluid portion of the chloroplast; outside of the thylakoids that is the site of the Calvin cycle
H2O, ADP + Pi, NADP+
Light Dependent Stage Inputs
Oxygen, ATP, NADPH
Light Dependent Stage Outputs
CO2, NADPH, ATP
Light Independent Stage (Calvin Cycle) Inputs
Glucose, NADP, ADP + Pi, water
Light Independent Stage (Calvin Cycle) Outputs
Rubisco
The most abundant protein on earth. Performs Carbon Fixation in the Calvin Cycle. It has an affinity for both CO2 and O2.
Photorespiration
Reaction in which rubisco attaches oxygen instead of carbon dioxide to ribulose bisphosphate (RuBp)
CAM Plants
plants close their stomata during the day, collect CO2 at night, and store the CO2 in the form of malate until it is needed during the day for photosynthesis.
C4 Plants
A plant that prefaces the Calvin cycle with reactions that incorporate CO2 into four-carbon compounds (malate), the end product of which supplies CO2 for the Calvin cycle.
C3 Plants
A plant that uses the Calvin cycle for the initial steps that incorporate CO2 into organic material, forming a three-carbon compound as the first stable intermediate.
CRISPR
Clustered Regulatory Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats: a collection of DNA sequences that tells Cas9 exactly where to cut
Cas9 Protein
holds the guide RNA, helps it basepair to DNA and cuts the genomic DNA
Guide RNA (gRNA)
RNA which has a specific sequence determined by CRISPR to guide Cas9 to a specific site
Duty Based Approach
an approach to bioethics that aims to follow the rules or law relating to the issue.
Consequence Based Approach
an approach to bioethics that aims to maximise positive outcomes while minimising negative outcomes
Virtues Based Approach
an approach to bioethics that emphasises on what is the 'moral' or 'right' thing to do.
Integrity
Honesty, Decency
Respect
Treating a person or their feelings with consideration
6CO2+6H2O - C6H12O6+6H20+6O2
Photosynthesis Equation
Justice
Respecting the rights of others and giving them what is rightfully theirs
Beneficence
Doing good or causing good to be done; kindly action
Non-Maleficence
duty to do no harm