clinical manifestations

1. What type of burn involves only the epidermis, appears erythematous, dry, and heals by desquamation within 3–4 days?

➡ Epidermal burn

2. What burn extends into the papillary dermis, presents with bright red or mottled skin, moist surface, and blisters, and heals in 7–10 days?

➡ Superficial partial-thickness burn

3. What burn involves the reticular dermis, appears red and waxy white with sluggish capillary refill, and heals in 3–5 weeks with hypertrophic scarring?

➡ Deep partial-thickness burn

4. What burn destroys the entire epidermis and dermis, forms a dry leathery eschar, and requires grafting for healing?

➡ Full-thickness burn

5. What burn destroys all tissues from epidermis to subcutaneous tissue, often affecting muscle (5th degree) and bone (6th degree)?

➡ Subdermal burn

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6. What type of burn results from electrical current passing through the body, causing entry and exit wounds, muscle necrosis, and yellow ischemic skin?

➡ Electrical burn

7. What life-threatening complication of electrical burns involves disturbances in heart rhythm and kidney failure due to myoglobin release?

➡ Cardiac arrhythmias and acute renal failure

8. What severe complication of electrical burns may cause neurologic impairment or bony injury leading to long-term functional deficits?

➡ Acute spinal cord damage or vertebral fracture

9. What neurological finding in electrical burn patients presents as increased tone with possible motor weakness but variable sensory loss?

➡ Spastic paresis

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SYSTEMIC MANIFESTATIONS 10. What burn-related condition is an incompletely reversible cardiovascular dysfunction causing hypovolemia, impaired perfusion, and myocardial depression?

➡ Burn shock

11. What systemic response persists up to 1.5 months after injury and may be triggered again by surgery, sepsis, or cold exposure?

➡ Inflammation

12. What severe burn response involves elevated cortisol, cytokines, catecholamines, and high energy expenditure lasting years?

➡ Hypermetabolism

13. What condition causes up to 25% loss of total body mass due to stress hormones and immobilization?

➡ Muscle wasting

14. According to literature, what percentage of total body mass may be lost acutely in severe burns?

➡ 25%

15. What hormones drive post-burn catabolism and muscle breakdown?

➡ Catecholamines and glucocorticoids

16. What condition after burn injury is marked by failure of insulin to stimulate glucose uptake, leading to hyperglycemia?

➡ Insulin resistance

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FUNCTIONAL MANIFESTATION 17. What complication results from concentric wound reduction involving fibroblasts and collagen, leading to decreased movement?

➡ Contracture

18. According to literature, what two sequelae of burn injury are the most common and most difficult to manage?

➡ Contracture and scarring

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SPECIAL CONSIDERATIONS 19. What emotional consequence of burn injury includes anxiety, depression, PTSD, and fear of disfigurement?

➡ Psychological and emotional distress

20. What common systemic sign shows elevated body temperature and leukocytosis but is unreliable for diagnosing infection in burn patients?

➡ Fever

21. What hematologic finding often accompanies fever in burn patients as part of systemic response?

➡ Leukocytosis

22. In children under 4 years old or burns greater than what % TBSA is fever NOT a reliable predictor of infection?

➡ 20% TBSA

23. What temperature threshold (°C) is NOT strongly predictive of infection in these pediatric burn cases?

➡ 38.2°C

24. What condition describes elevated body temperature due to impaired thermoregulation, increasing metabolic demand in burns?

➡ Hyperthermia

25. What surgical procedure removes a whole or part of a limb, sometimes required when burns lead to nonviable tissue?

➡ Amputation

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