Exam IV Topics Review: Hemophys, Hemopatho, GI, GI Patho

Vocabulary flashcards covering key terms from Hemophys, Hemopatho, GI, and GI Patho topics.

Albumin

Plasma protein that maintains oncotic pressure and transports substances; synthesized by the liver.

Immunoglobulins/Antibodies

Proteins produced by plasma cells that bind antigens and help neutralize pathogens.

Clotting factors

Proteins in plasma that participate in coagulation cascades (intrinsic, extrinsic, common).

Erythrocytes (RBCs)

Red blood cells that transport oxygen and carbon dioxide; mature cells lack a nucleus and mitochondria; lifespan ~120 days.

Hemoglobin (Hb)

Oxygen- and carbon dioxide-carrying protein in RBCs.

Erythropoietin (EPO)

Hormone that stimulates red blood cell production; released mainly by kidneys during hypoxia; made in the fetus by the liver.

B12 and Folate

Vitamins required for erythrocyte maturation and DNA synthesis.

Leukocytes

White blood cells; immune cells including granulocytes and agranulocytes.

Granulocytes (BEN)

Neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils; contain granules and participate in innate immunity.

Agranulocytes

Monocytes/macrophages; T cells; B cells; lack visible granules.

Thrombocytes

Platelets; cell fragments that form platelet plug and participate in clotting; lifespan ~7–10 days.

Thrombopoietin (TPO)

Hormone produced (primarily by liver) that stimulates platelet production.

Lymphoid organs

Organs involved in lymphatic/immune development and response.

Primary lymphoid organs

Bone marrow and thymus; sites of lymphocyte development and maturation.

Secondary lymphoid organs

Spleen and lymph nodes; sites of immune response activation.

Hematopoiesis

Production of blood cells from pluripotent stem cells in the bone marrow.

Pluripotent stem cell

Blood-forming stem cell that can give rise to all blood cell lineages.

Vasospasm

Sudden constriction of a blood vessel to reduce blood loss.

Platelet plug

Initial hemostatic plug formed by platelets adhering to damaged endothelium; requires von Willebrand factor and calcium.

Fibrin clot

Coagulation clot formed via intrinsic and extrinsic pathways converging on the common pathway; requires calcium.

Intrinsic pathway

Coagulation pathway activated by damage inside the vessel; part of coagulation cascade.

Extrinsic pathway

Coagulation pathway triggered by external tissue factor; accelerates clot formation.

Common/classical pathway

Convergence point of intrinsic and extrinsic pathways leading to fibrin formation; requires Ca2+.

Fibrinolysis

Process of clot breakdown; plasminogen is converted to plasmin which digests fibrin.

Plasmin

Active enzyme that degrades fibrin clots.

D-Dimers

Degradation products of cross-linked fibrin; elevated in active clot breakdown.

Hepatic Portal System (HPS)

Portal venous system delivering blood from GI tract to liver.

Sinusoids

Liver capillaries where blood flows and exchanges occur.

Kupffer cells

Liver macrophages lining sinusoids; phagocytose bacteria and debris.

Common bile duct

Duct through which bile from liver and gallbladder enters the duodenum.

Bilirubin

Pigment from heme breakdown; secreted into bile; contributes to bile color.

Liver enzymes/secretions

Liver produces bile; secretions include bilirubin; involved in digestion.

Gallbladder

Stores and concentrates bile; releases bile into the duodenum.

Pancreas (enzymes/secretions)

Produces digestive enzymes (amylase, lipase, proteases) and bicarbonate; secreted into the small intestine.

Salivary glands

Glands producing saliva containing enzymes (amylase) and lubricants.

Esophagus

Digestive tube with peristalsis; secretes mucus; minimal digestion occurs here.

Stomach

Sac where gastric acid and pepsin digest proteins; mechanical churning.

Small intestine

Primary site of chemical digestion and nutrient absorption; contains villi for absorption.

Large intestine

Absorbs water and electrolytes; forms stool; houses gut microbiota.

Liver (functions)

Metabolic processing, bile production, detoxification; stores glycogen.

Bilirubin → Bile

Bilirubin is conjugated in liver and excreted into bile for fat digestion.

Hepatic structures

HPS (portal system), sinusoids, Kupffer cells, and common bile duct are key liver components.

Vitamin deficiencies (A, D, E, K)

Nutritional deficiencies affecting vision (A), bones (D), antioxidant protection (E), and coagulation (K).

Lactase deficiency

Lactose intolerance due to insufficient lactase enzyme in the intestinal brush border.

Bile salt deficiency

Insufficient bile salts leading to impaired fat digestion and absorption.

Peptic ulcers

Ulcers in the stomach or duodenum; causes include H. pylori, NSAIDs, and stress.

GERD

Gastroesophageal reflux disease; backflow of stomach contents into the esophagus.

Hiatal hernia

Herniation of part of the stomach through the diaphragmatic hiatus; types include sliding and paraesophageal.

Umbilical hernia

Hernia at the umbilicus.

Inguinal hernia

Hernia through the inguinal canal; more common in men.

Pyloric obstruction

Blockage at the pylorus hindering gastric emptying; can cause vomiting and dehydration.

Dumping syndrome

Rapid gastric emptying causing GI and systemic symptoms; risk after gastrectomy.

Diverticula

Outpouchings in the colon wall; diverticulosis is presence; diverticulitis is inflammation.

Appendicitis

Inflammation of the appendix; commonly presents with right lower quadrant pain.

Celieac’s (celiac) disease

Autoimmune reaction to gluten causing small intestine damage and malabsorption.

Eating disorders

Conditions like anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa; can involve body image distortion.

Anorexia nervosa

Food intake restriction with intense fear of weight gain and body image concerns.

Bulimia nervosa

Binge eating followed by purging or other compensatory behaviors.

Body dysmorphia

Distorted perception of body image.

Refeeding syndrome

Electrolyte disturbances that occur when refeeding malnourished patients too rapidly.

Protein-energy malnutrition

Malnutrition from insufficient protein and calories; includes Marasmus and Kwashiorkor.

Marasmus

Severe energy deficiency with wasting and weakness.

Kwashiorkor

Protein deficiency with edema and impaired growth, despite adequate calories.

Portal hypertension

Increased pressure in the portal venous system; complications include varices, splenomegaly, ascites, hepatic encephalopathy.

Varices

Dilated veins (often esophageal) due to portal hypertension; risk of rupture and bleeding.

Splenomegaly

Enlarged spleen, commonly associated with portal hypertension.

Ascites

Accumulation of fluid in the peritoneal cavity due to portal hypertension or liver disease.

Hepatic encephalopathy

Neuropsychiatric abnormalities from liver failure and toxin buildup.

Jaundice

Yellowing of skin and eyes due to elevated bilirubin.

Hepatitis A, B, C

Viral infections causing liver inflammation; transmission differs by type.

Cirrhosis

Chronic liver scarring leading to impaired liver function.

Cholelithiasis

Gallstones within the gallbladder.

Cholecystitis

Inflammation of the gallbladder, often due to gallstones.

Pancreatic rupture

Leakage of pancreatic enzymes into surrounding tissue, causing autodigestion and inflammation.

Prefix erythro-

Prefix meaning red or related to red blood cells.

Prefix leuko-

Prefix meaning white (white blood cells).

Prefix thrombo-

Prefix related to clots or platelets.

Prefix macro-

Prefix meaning large.

Prefix micro-

Prefix meaning small.

Prefix hyper-

Prefix meaning above normal.

Prefix hypo-

Prefix meaning below normal.

Prefix poly-

Prefix meaning many.

Prefix normo-

Prefix meaning normal.

Suffix -cytic

Suffix meaning relating to cell size.

Suffix -cytosis

Suffix meaning increased cell numbers.

Suffix -penia

Suffix meaning decreased cell numbers.

Suffix -chromic

Suffix meaning color or staining characteristic.

Suffix -themia

Suffix meaning a condition of the blood.