endocrine glands

hypothalamus

controls pituitary; regulates endocrine; base of brain

pituitary( master gland)

anterior(glandular) and posterior(nervous) glands ; base of brain under hypothalamus. It is responsible for regulating various bodily functions through hormone release.

pineal gland

in brain; melatonin

thyroid gland

in neck; regulates metabolism; as thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) and calcitonin

parathyroid glands

4 glands on posterior thyroid; secretes PTH( parathyroid hormone): increases blood calcium

thymus GLAND

in the chest near sternum; largest in infants, shrinks with age; secretes thyroxin- helps develop immune system

adrenal glands

on top of each kidney

adrenal cortex(outer): corticosteroids

• minderlocorticoids(aldosterone) : regualtes salt balance and blood pressure

• glucocorticoids( cortisol): manages stress/inflammation

• sex hormones(androgens & estrogens): influence reproduction

adrenal mediulla( inner): catecholamines

• epinephrine(adrenaline) and norepinephrine (noradrenaline); fight-or-flight response.

pancreas

in abdomen; both endo and exocrine; produces insulin- lowers blood sugar; glucagon- raises blood sugar. both endocrine and exocrine

gonads

anterior pituitary

1. Growth Hormone (GH)

   • Stimulates growth of bones/muscles.

   • Builds proteins, breaks down fats.

2. Prolactin (PRL)

1. Stimulates milk production.

3. Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH)

1. Stimulates ovarian follicle development (females).

2. Stimulates sperm production (males).

4. Luteinizing Hormone (LH)

1. Triggers ovulation.

2. Stimulates testosterone production.

5. Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH)

1. Controls thyroid gland activity.

6. Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)

1. Regulates adrenal cortex activity.

posterior pituitary

1. Oxytocin

   • Stimulates labor contractions & milk ejection.

2. Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)

1. Promotes water retention by kidneys.

2. Increases blood pressure.

3. Inhibited by alcohol.

thyroid HORMONE

Thyroid Gland Hormones

1. Thyroid Hormone (T3 & T4)

   • Regulates metabolism, body heat, tissue growth.

2. Calcitonin(calciton-down)

1. Lowers blood calcium by promoting bone deposition.

osteoblasts

parathyroid

parathyroid hormone(PTH): Increases blood calcium by stimulating osteoclasts (bone breakdown).

adrenal cortex

Adrenal Cortex Hormones

1. Aldosterone (Mineralocorticoid)

   • Regulates sodium, potassium, blood pressure.

2. Cortisol (Glucocorticoid)

1. Increases blood glucose, reduces inflammation.

3. Androgens & Estrogens

1. Growth, reproduction, secondary sex characteristics.

adrenal medulla

1. Epinephrine (Adrenaline) & Norepinephrine

   • Fight-or-flight response (increased heart rate, blood pressure, energy).

pancreatic hormone

1. Insulin

   • Lowers blood glucose by promoting glucose uptake.

2. Glucagon

1. Raises blood glucose by stimulating the liver to release glucose.

gonadal

1. Estrogens

   • Female characteristics, reproductive organ maturation.

   • With progesterone, regulates the menstrual cycle.

2. Testosterone

1. Male characteristics, sperm production.