BIO300 Pathophysiology Lecture Notes Flashcards

Flashcards for BIO300 Pathophysiology lecture notes.

Disease

Any change from normal; change in normal functions or structure of the body that is considered abnormal

Disorder

Abnormality in function or structure, often used when “disease” does not apply. Example: difficulty swallowing (dysphagia).

Syndrome

Group of symptoms. Examples: Tourette’s syndrome, Down syndrome

Pathology

Study of disease

Pathologist

Someone who studies diseases

Pathogens

Microorganisms that cause disease (bacteria, viruses, etc.)

Pathogenesis

How a disease progresses

SOAP Note Documentation

A way of organizing patient notes containing Subjective information, Objective information, Assessment, and Plan.

Chief Complaint

Why is this patient here today?

History of presenting illness

The patient’s story of why they are here today including Onset, Palliative, Quality, Radiating, Severity, Timing, and Associated symptoms.

Pathogenesis

How a disease progresses from exposure to outcome; can be described in terms of timing: acute, subacute, or chronic.

Acute

Fast (sudden onset, short duration)

Subacute

In the middle

Chronic

Slow, long-lasting, sometimes permanent

Etiology

Cause

Idiopathic

We have no idea what caused it

Iatrogenic

We (medical professionals, medications, etc.) caused it

Nosocomial (aka healthcare-associated infection)

Acquired from hospital/medical environment

Risk Factors

Predisposing factors to disease development; something that has been associated with the increased rate of a subsequently occurring disease

Signs

Things that you can SEE/MEASURE. Examples: high blood pressure, fast heart rate

Symptoms

Things that the patient is FEELING/EXPERIENCING. Examples: Headache, heart pounding, stomach hurts

Diagnosis

Using data to determine presence of disease/disorder/syndrome; Medical history, physical examination findings, diagnostic tests

Holistic approach to treatment

We consider the whole person including Physiologic Health, Intellectual Health, Spiritual Health, Sociocultural Health, and Psychological Health

Preventative Treatment

Care given to prevent disease. Example: Colonoscopies.

Curative Treatment

Resolves the illness. Example: Removing the gallbladder cures cholecystitis

Palliative Treatment

Care for symptoms only (not cure). Example: Pain medicine given to patient with terminal cancer

Prognosis

Expected outcome

Morbidity

Effects of the illness

Mortality

Death

Mortality rate

Number of people who die with the disease in a period of time

Acute disease

Sudden onset, lasts short amount of time (days or weeks)

Chronic disease

Long-lasting

Remission

A time when symptoms are improving or temporarily resolved

Exacerbation

Time when symptoms become worse

Complications

An unfavorable result of a condition or treatment

Infection

Disease caused by microorganisms (virus, bacteria, fungi, etc.). For an infection to occur, there MUST be an invasion of microorganisms.

Inflammation

Protective immune response that is triggered by injury, infection, or other irritant. s/s of inflammation: redness, heat, swelling, pain, loss of motion.

Hyperplasia

Excessive growth; Increase in the number of cells in an organ or tissue, due to either physiologic or pathologic conditions. Hyperplasia cells are NOT cancerous but may become cancer.

Neoplasia

Excessive growth; An abnormal mass of tissue that forms when cells grow and divide more than they should or do not die when they should; Unregulated cell proliferation; Neoplasms can be benign (not cancer) or malignant (cancer)

Malnutrition

Poor nutrition due to either inadequate intake or problem with absorbing the nutrients

Parenteral nutrition

Through vein (total parental nutrition, or TPN)

Enteral nutrition

Tube feeding through intestines; flexible tube goes in through nose or directly into stomach or small intestines to deliver food

Nasogastric tube feeding

Tube inserted into nose and into the stomach or first part of small intestines to deliver food. Bypasses the mouth and esophagus, delivering food directly into the stomach or first part of the duodenum. For patients who are intubated and can’t swallow, who can’t stop vomiting, etc.

Gastric tube feeds

Procedure is performed to insert a tube through the skin of the abdomen directly into the stomach. Tube feeds then go directly into the stomach (and bypass the mouth and esophagus). For patients who need more long-term solution than NG tube.

Jejunal tube feeds

Surgical procedure under anesthesia is performed to insert a J-tube through the skin of the abdominal wall into the jejunum. This bypasses the mouth, esophagus, stomach, and duodenum.

Hypoxia

Not enough oxygen

Anoxia

No oxygen

Atrophy

Decrease in cell size/lack of growth

Hypertrophy

Excessive growth

Hyperplasia

Increase in cell number

Dysplasia

Weird growth (alteration in size, shape, and organization of cells)

Metaplasia

Cell changes to another type of cell

Neoplasia

Development of a new type of cell with an uncontrolled growth pattern

Ischemia

Lack of blood

Necrosis

Cell death

Infarct

Area of dead cells, due to ischemia