English for Court Reporters

Flashcards for English for Court Reporters Chapters 30, 1-6

Verb

Word that shows action or condition.

Noun

Word that names a person, place, or thing.

Pronoun

Word that takes the place of a noun.

Adjective

Word that modifies a noun or pronoun.

Adverb

Word that modifies a verb, adjective, or other adverb.

Preposition

Word that shows a relationship between a noun or pronoun and another word in the sentence.

Conjunction

Word that connects elements of the language.

Interjection

Word that shows mild or strong emotion.

Verbal

Verb form being used as another part of speech.

Gerund

-ing form of the verb being used as a noun.

Participle

-ing or –ed form of the verb being used as an adjective.

Infinitive

to plus the verb used as noun, adjective, or adverb.

Adverbial objective

Value, distance, amount, measurement; answers how much, when, where

Appositive

Usually follows word it renames

Direct object

Word that receives the action of an active verb; answers who or what

Indirect object

Word that comes between the verb and direct object; answers to/for who, to/for what

Noun of address

Word used in dialogue

Objective complement

Follows and renames direct object

Predicate nominative

Follows condition verb (to be) and renames the subject

Retained object

Follows the passive verb

Subject

Doer of the action

Object of the gerund

Receives action of the gerund

Indirect object of the gerund

Between the gerund and object of the gerund

Object of the infinitive

Receives action of the infinitive

Indirect object of the infinitive

Comes between the infinitive and object of the infinitive

Subject of the infinitive

Doer of the action represented by infinitive

Object of the participle

Receives action of the participle

Indirect object of the participle

Comes between participle and object of participle

Predicate complement

Follows a condition infinitive

Relative pronoun

Who, whom, whose, which, that

Coordinate conjunction - Simple

And, but, or, nor, (for)

Correlative conjunction

 Both…and  not only…but (also)  Either…or  Neither…nor

Dependent clause

Group of related words that has a subject and verb BUT does not stand alone because of an introductory word

Elliptical Clause

The subject and/or verb is missing but you treat it as if they were there.

Independent clause

Has a subject and verb and expresses a complete thought.

Fragment

Not a complete thought even though it has a subject and/or verb.

Run-on

Two independent sentences combined in such a way that it looks as though it’s one sentence

Declarative

Makes a statement and ends in a period

Imperative

Makes a command or order and ends in a period

Interrogative

Asks a question and ends in a question mark

Exclamatory

Shows great emotion and ends in an exclamation mark

Simple sentence

1 independent clause, no dependent clauses

Compound sentence

2 or more independent clauses, no dependent clause

Complex sentence

1 independent clause and 1 or more dependent clauses

Compound-complex sentence

2 or more independent clauses and 1 or more dependent clauses

Essential

Necessary to define the word it renames/describes; No punctuation is needed to separate an essential element to what it renames

Nonessential

Not necessary to define the word because the word is already defined; A comma is needed to separate the nonessential element from what it renames

Noun clause

Dependent clause that has the function of a noun; most noun clauses don’t need punctuation.

Adjective clauses

Clauses begin with only these words: Who Whom Whose Which That When Where

Adverb clause

Functions as an adverb in the sentence and answers “when”, “where”, “why”, and “how”