Chapter 19: The Increasing Influence of Europe - Practice Test Questions
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Sample questions to help study for the test! Reminder, I do not know if these questions will actually be on the test. However, it does help to study rather than be knowledgless!
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Who was the theme system undermined by, and when?
wealthy landowners — 11th century
Free peasants became ______.
agricultural laborers
Who pressed on Byzantine territories?
Normans (from Scandinavia)
What year was Constantionople sacked?
1204 C.E
There were crusades from the _____ and _____ centuries through what territory?
12th - 13th
Byzantine
Who invaded Anatolia? What did they threaten?
Muslim Saljuqs
grain supply
What did the defeat of the Byzantine army create?
civil conflict
What were the three challenges from the East?
Muslim Saljuqs — grain supply
Defeat of Byzantine army — 1071
Period of steady decline until 1453
Who controlled most of Anatolia, and who controlled the rest?
Seljuqs
crusaders from Western Europe
Who captured Constantinople, and under who? What did they rename it?
Ottoman Turks
Mehmed II
Istanbul
Who took advantage of the Carolingian empire? What did he establish, and when?
Otto I of Saxony
Kingdom in north Germany
mid 10th century C.E
How many times did Otto enter Italy?
twice
What was Otto named, and by who / when?
emperor of Holy Roman Empire
Pope John XII, 962 C.E
What were three significant tensions between Emperors and the Church?
Investiture Contest
Pope Gregory VII attempting to end lay investiture + exocommunicating Emperor Henry IV
German peoples taking the opportunity to rebel
What is lay investiture?
secular rulers (kings / emperors) appoint bishops and other church officials
The Investiture Contest was from what centuries?
late 11th - early 12th
Who tried to end the practice of lay investiture?
Pope Gregory VII
Who did Pope Gregory VII exocommunicate?
Emperor Henry IV
Who took the opportunity to rebel when there were tensions between the emperors and the church?
German people
What is Frederick I’s nickname?
the red beard
What did Frederick attempt to do? Was he succesful?
absorb Lombardy (northern Italy)
no
What did Voltaire state about the Holy Roman Empire?
neither holy, nor Roman, nor an Empire
Who succeeded the last Carolingian Emperor? When?
Hugh Capet
987 C.E
Who invaded England, under who?
Normans
William the Conqueror
Who was the Papal State directed by?
the Pope
By what century did city states displace church control? What region of Italy did this happen?
12th
northern (Florence, Bologna, Genoa, Milan, Venice)
Who invaded southern Italy? Who did they displace?
Normans
Byzantine & Muslim authorities
Who controlled the Iberian peninsula from 8th - 12th centuries?
Muslims
Who conquested Spanish Muslim territories? By the late 13th century, where did they remain?
Christians
Granada
What were the four major changes in Europe?
Agricultural production
Urbanization
Manufacturing
Trade
What were the four significant changes during the growth of Europe’s agricultural economy?
Increasing development of arable lands
Improved agricultural techniques
New tools
New crops
Why did nobles oppose arable lands at first?
These lands were seen as game preserves where they could hunt. But then, they saw that tax revenue could go up, and saw that it was a positive.
What were two improved agricultural techniques?
crop rotation
fisheries
What were two new agricultural tools?
Horeshoes
Horse collars
What was one new significant crop?
beans — protein, nitrogen fix
What is urbanization similar to?
the agricultural revolution
Why was Italy sucessful with Mediterranean trade? Where were Italy’s major ports established?
They were well-positioned.
Mediterranean & Black Sea
What is Hansa?
an association of trading cities
What were The Three Estates?
those who pray: clergy
those who fight: knights
those who work: peasants
What did the Three Estates system become?
an oversimplification of complex social reality
What is chivalry? Who was it sponsored by?
a code of conduct for nobles / knights
protection of women
Church
Why did the Church sponsor chivalry?
to minimize fighting among Christians
Who were the troubadours?
a class of traveling poets, minstrels, and entertainers
What did the troubadors popularize?
romantic love
refinement of European knights
What were the additions to the class of peasants?
merchants
artisans
physicians
lawyers
By what century did towns demand charters of intergration?
late 11th century
What is a guild, and what did it create? What can it be compared to in modern day?
organizations of merchants, workers, artisans
a social support system
unions
By the 13th century, guilds controlled a good portion of what?
urban economy
When women got new economic opporutinities, what occupations did they dominate?
textiles and decorative arts
In the high middle ages (1000 - 1300 CE), what made education possible?
increasing wealth
What were schools based in? What was the cirrculum?
cathedrals
literature, philosophy, some law, medicine, theology
In the twelfth century, a new type of guild was formed. What was it?
academic guilds
Latin translations of what circulated throughout Europe? What did Jewish and Muslim scholars provide?
Byzantine Greek texts
other translations from Arabic translations
Who was St. Thomas Aquinas? (1225 - 1274 C.E)
a major proponent of Scholasticism
In general, was the population affected by Scholasticism?
No.
What are the seven sacraments?
Baptism
Confirmation
Matrimony
Penance
Eucharist or Communion
Taking care of the sick
Holy Orders
What are the three main things about the concept of devotion to saints?
heavenly intercession
pilgrimages
veneration of relics
Who was a significant Saint, and still is to this day?
The Virgin Mary
What concept was there a rebellion against in the Roman Catholic church?
percieved materialism
Two saints created orders of _____. Who were these two saints?
mendicants
St. Dominic (1170 - 1221 C.E)
St. Francis (1182 - 1226 C.E)
What did Dominic and Francis oppose? They are also called _____.
heretical movements
religious zealots
What were two heresy groups?
Waldensians (southern France, northern Itality)
Bogomils; Cathars (Albigensians)
The Waldensians urged _______.
lay control of preaching and sacraments
Where did Albigensians (Bogomils and Cathars) flourish? They were _____ regimes.
Byzantium + Western Europe
ascetic
What kings were converted to Christianity? Who followed?
Kings of Denmark
Sweden and Finland
The Kings of Denmarks subjects resisted against conversion, but converted over time. Why?
There’s money for both rulers and merchants if you’re Christian.
Who formed military-religious orders? What were these three orders?
religious Christians
Templars
Hospitallers
Teutonic Knights
What were the three concepts warrior societies were based on?
secrecy
riutal
devotion
What were the five significant things religious Christians did?
formed military-religious orders
had religious vows of opposition to Islam, paganism
founded churches and monasteries
protected pilgrims to the holy land
set up a monetary system for pilgrims
What modern day system is similar to the monetary system?
cashier checks
Where do Normans come from? Who are they descendants of?
Normandy, region of modern France
Vikings
Two small Christian states survived the Muslim conquest. What states were they? What did they become?
Catalonia and Leon
the nucleus of reconquest (1060s - 1492 C.E)
What pope called for the liberation of Jerusalem, and in what year?
Pope Urban II
1095 C.E
What does “deus vult” mean? This phrase came from _____.
God wills it!
Pope Urban II
The First Crusade was from ______ to _____ C.E.
1096 - 1099 C.E
During the 1st Crusade, what capital was captured, and why?
Jerusalem
poor Muslim organization
What region was taken by Muslims in the 9th century? Who was it reconquered by in the eleventh century?
Sicily
Normans
When was Jerusalem recaptured, and by who?
3rd Crusade (1187 C.E)
Muslim leader Salah al-Din (Saladin)
How many crusades happened by the mid 13th century? Were they succesful?
five
no.
What crusade destroyed Constantinople?
the Fourth Crusade
What were the pros of these crusades?
direct contact with Muslim ideologies & trade
Aristotle, “Arabic” numerals, and paper production were all traded @ this time
By the 12th century, what increasingly displaced church control in northern Italy?
city-states
In the Hanseatic League, what seas did trade mainly take place? What countries?
Baltic and North seas
Poland, northern Germany, Scandinavia
When the Scandinavians explored the North Atlantic Ocean, what countries did they decide to settle in? What settlement did not work?
Iceland, Greenland, Vinland (Canada)
Canada