Lab 6: Angiosperms

Angiosperm term breakdown

angio = vessel
sperm = seed

Advantages of angiosperms

• seeds protected

• shorter generation times (natural selection)

• more efficient pollination (rely on pollinators)

• better seed dispersal (fruit)

• more efficient vascular tissue

4 whorls of angiosperm structure

1. sepals

2. petals

3. stamen

4. carpel

Complete flower

all 4 whorls present

Incomplete flower

at least 1 whorl missing

In incomplete flower, sterile female is called

carpellate

In incomplete flower, sterile male is called

staminate

Monocot

• flower parts in multiples of 3

• leaves parallel veins

• no secondary growth (girth)

• vascular bundles randomly distributed

• fibrous root

Eudicot

• flower parts in multiples of 4-5

• netted veins

• secondary growth (vascular cambium)

• vascular bundles as a ring

• taproot system

Tepals are

when sepal and petal cannot be differentiated from each other

Superior Ovary is when

ovary occurs at same level or above the stamen (where anthers are connected)

Inferior Ovary is when

ovary occurs below the stamen (where anthers are connected)

Radial symmetry:

if you split the flower in half, it will be symmetrical in 2+ ways

Bilateral symmetry:

if you split the flower in half, it can only be symmetrical 1 way

Connation:

fusion of 1 whorl

Adnation

fusion of 2 different whorls (think about ADDing whorls)

Perfect monoecious plant:

has both stamens and carpels

Identify the type of plant and what it signifies

Imperfect flower; has both stamens and carpels on one flower

Identify the type of plant and what it signifies

Monoecious
(“one house”) has both male and female flowers on one plant

Identify the type of plant and what it signifies

Dioecious
(“two houses) has the male and female flowers found on different plants

What type of plant is corn?

Imperfect monoecious; Dicot

Inflorescence:

group of flowers attached to receptacle (ie. lots of flower on a single head. **no sepal)

Ray flowers:

Imperfect monoecious, often bilateral symmetry

Disk flowers:

Radially symmetric. Have all 4 whorls

Perfect flower

Traits of berries

• More than 1 seed

• fruit is fleshy/slimy

• skin is thin

Traits of hesperidium

• subtype of berry with skin you can peel

• each segment contains more than 1 seed

Traits of pepo 

• subtype of berry with hard leathery rind

• inside layers are fleshy, enclose many seeds

Traits of pome

• flower has inferior ovary

• flesh is primarily receptacle tissue

Traits of drupe

• endocarp is hard

• single seed inside

• mesocarp is fleshy

• exocarp is skin

Traits of aggregate fruits

From many ovaries on a single flower

Traits of multiple fruits

from ovaries of many flowers, fused together

Traits of dehiscents

• fruit opens along 2 suture lines

• pea pod is fruit

• peas are the seeds

Traits of follicles

• fruit opens along 1 suture

Traits of capsules

• seeds released through multiple sutures/pores

Traits of samara

• pericarp is thin and has a wing

Traits of nuts

• pericarp is thick and hard

Traits of caryopsis

• pericarp is thin and does not have a wing

• seed coat is fused to pericarp

Traits of achenes

• pericarp is thin and does not have a wing

• seed coat is NOT fused to pericarp

Examples of berries

tomato, kiwi, blueberries, green pepperE

Examples of hesperidium

oranges and lemons

Examples of pepo

cucumber, squash, gourd

Example of pome

apple and pear

Example of drupe

cherry, coconut, avocado, plum

Examples of aggregate fruits

strawberry and raspberry

Example of multiple fruit

pineapple

Examples of legumes

pea family (peas, beans)

Examples of follicles

milkweed, columbine, larkspur

Examples of capsules

poppy, tulip, iris

Example of samaras

maple and ash

Examples of nut

acorn

Examples of caryopsis

grass family (wheat, rice, oats)

Examples of achenes

sunflower and dandelion

Define fleshy fruits

generally attractive to animals because of color and/or smell

Dry fruits are either ________ or ________

dehiscent, indehiscent

Define dehiscent fruits:

fruit splits open at maturity

Define indehiscent fruits:

fruit does not split open at maturity (something else is needed to release it)

How does a seed develop into zygote? 

1) Zygote develops into embryo
2) Embryo surrounded by 3N endosperm
tissue
3) Ovary develops into fruit
4) Ovule develops into the seed