Definitions and Distinctions

Philosophy (Rand) is the study of __________, Of Man, and Man’s Relationship with __________.

Existence; Existence

According to Rand, Rights are a moral principle defining a man’s __________ of action in a social context.

freedom

Justice (Rawls) involves principles for assigning basic __________ and duties and for determining the proper distribution of __________.

rights; benefits

Hypernorms (Donaldson & Dunfee) are moral precepts fundamental to __________ beings.

human

Price Gouging (Zwolinski) is a practice in which prices on necessity items are raised in an emergency to what appear to be __________ and exploitatively high levels.

unfair

Corporate Social Responsibility (Ryan) emphasizes bringing corporate behavior up to a level congruent with prevailing __________ and expectations.

norms

Corporate Governance (Ryan) involves the roles, responsibilities, and balance of power among executives, __________, and shareholders.

directors

The three types of Directors are Inside, Outside, and __________.

Independent

Shareholder activism involves actions taken by shareholders with explicit intentions of influencing corporation __________ and practices.

policies

Financial Activism Stream focuses on shareholder value and __________ performance.

financial

Social Activism Stream focuses on stakeholder value and __________ social governance.

environmental

Moral Philosophy describes how people __________ behave.

should

Moral Psychology studies how people __________ in moral situations.

do behave

Negative rights are the rights to pursue __________.

something

Positive rights are the rights to __________ something.

have

Utilitarian philosophy aims to maximize the __________ good.

greater

The rights justification of capitalism claims it maximizes the __________ good.

common

Subjective Egoism decides morality based on what’s __________ for the individual in the long run.

good

Objective Egoism allows for moral judgment based on what’s good for __________ in the long run.

myself

Absolutism asserts that some moral rules remain the same through __________ and __________.

time; space

Relativism states that morality changes through __________ and __________.

time; space

Collectivism posits that humans are fundamentally members of __________.

groups

Individualism holds that humans are fundamentally __________ individuals who can join groups (or not).

individual

Employee rights are conditions that it would be __________ for any employer to withhold from employees.

unethical

Employee benefits are discretionary compensation or conditions offered to employees __________.

voluntarily

Separation of ownership and control occurs when pre-IPO the owner has both __________ and __________.

ownership; control

Post-IPO, the control is held by the __________, while ownership rests with the shareholders.

CEO

A Benefit Corporation holds legal status and is responsible for social __________ and profits.

goals

One Share/One Vote means a person with one share gets __________ vote(s) in company decisions.

one

Unequal Shares allow different classes of shareholders to have __________ numbers of votes associated with their shares.

different