Module 5: Phonetics

What is transcribing connected speech different from?

Transcribing connected speech is different from transcribing speech in citation form.

What do diacritics specify?

Diacritics specify allophonic variation or supra-segmental variation related to phonemes or words.

What are the two kinds of modifications in connected speech?

segmental and suprasegmental.

What is segmental modification?

Segmental modification refers to changes in the phonemes themselves.

Name one modification method in segmental modifications.

assimilation.

What does assimilation mean?

Assimilation refers to adjacent phonemes influencing each other.

What is regressive assimilation?

is when a segment is modified in anticipation of an upcoming phoneme.

What is an example of regressive assimilation?

An example is 'was she' pronounced as /'wnzsi/.

What is progressive assimilation?

is when a segment is modified to accommodate a preceding phoneme.

Provide an example of progressive assimilation.

An example is 'beads' pronounced as /bidz/.

Provide an example of epenthesis.

An example of epenthesis is 'we own' pronounced as /wijoun/.

What is metathesis?

Metathesis is the transposition of sounds in an utterance.

Give an example of metathesis.

An example of metathesis is 'animal' pronounced as /remonǝl/.(aminal)

What is vowel reduction?

Vowel reduction involves replacing a non-neutral vowel with a neutral vowel.

What happens to tense vowels in vowel reduction?

Tense vowels are sometimes replaced with lax vowels.

Give an example of vowel reduction.

An example of vowel reduction is 'Excel' pronounced as /ǝk'sel/.

What is the difference between citation form and connected speech?

Citation form refers to the clear pronunciation of words in isolation, while connected speech is how words are pronounced in natural speech, often resulting in alterations.

What are diacritics in transcription?

Diacritics are modifiers used to indicate specific pronunciation features in phonetic transcriptions.

What is assimilation in connected speech?

Assimilation is when adjacent phonemes influence each other, leading to changes in their pronunciation.

What is regressive assimilation?

also known as anticipatory assimilation, occurs when a phoneme is influenced by a following phoneme.

What is progressive assimilation?

Progressive assimilation, or perseverative assimilation, happens when a phoneme is influenced by a preceding phoneme.

What is elision in connected speech?

to the omission of phonemes in connected speech, sometimes leading to simplified pronunciations.

What is haplology?

a specific type of elision where a sequence of similar syllables is reduced to a single syllable.

What is epenthesis?

is the insertion of additional phonemes into a word or utterance.

What is metathesis?

is the transposition or rearrangement of sounds in an utterance.

What is vowel reduction?

is the process of replacing a front or back vowel with a neutral vowel or a tense vowel with a lax vowel.

What is syllable stress?

refers to the emphasis placed on certain syllables within words, impacting how they are pronounced.

What is word stress in sentences?

sentences highlights the importance of certain words, which may vary based on speaker intent, context, function words, and contrastive stress.

What is intonation in connected speech?

to the variations in pitch while speaking, affecting meaning and structure of utterances.

What are tonic syllables?

the syllables within intonational phrases that carry the primary stress.

What does falling intonation indicate?

typically indicates a statement or completion of thought.

What does rising intonation indicate?

often signals a question or uncertainty.

What is tempo in speech?

to the pace of speech, influenced by phoneme duration, pauses, and junctures.

What are the two kinds of modifications in connected speech?

Segmental and Suprasegmental.

What does segmental modification refer to?

All phonetic symbols that we have been learning.

What are suprasegmental modifications applied to?

Stress, intonation, and timing.

What diacritic indicates rising intonation?

[↗︎] Rising intonation.

How is falling intonation represented in diacritics?

[↘︎] Falling intonation.

What does [1] signify in connected speech?

A short pause.

What is represented by [11] in connected speech?

A long pause.

What is the difference between 'a nice man' and 'an iceman'?

It demonstrates a difference in juncture.

What are the qualities of stressed syllables?

Higher in pitch, louder in volume, and longer in duration.

What is primary stress?

The strongest stress in a multisyllabic word.

What types of words are usually stressed in sentences?

Content words, which include nouns, verbs, adjectives, and adverbs.

Which type of words carry less meaning and are less likely to be stressed?

Function words, such as pronouns, articles, prepositions, and conjunctions.

What does intonation refer to?

Changes in pitch used to indicate statement, question, exclamation, or mood.

What are tonic syllables?

The syllables that receive the greatest pitch change within an intonational phrase.

What is an example of a sentence with rising intonation?

'You know that?' indicating a question.

How do pauses function in connected speech?

Emphasize key words, allow for breath, or give time to think.

What is an external juncture?

A pause between intonational phrases.

What contrasts between open and closed syllables?

Vowels in open syllables are longer than in closed syllables.

What can happen when a final consonant in a word is identical to the initial consonant in the next word?

The sound may not be repeated, instead, the sound is lengthened.

What is timing in connected speech?

Duration of individual phonemes and pauses.

What are the longest phoneme durations typically?

Diphthongs, vowels, and glides & liquids.

What are the shortest phoneme durations?

Nasals, Fricatives, Affricates and Stops

What are tonic syllables?

the syllables in words or phrases that receive the most stress or emphasis during pronunciation.

Are vowels preceding voiced consonants longer or shorter than vowels preceding voiceless consonants? Examp

Example: The vowel sound in 'Hit' (voiced) is longer than in 'Hid' (voiceless).