Looks like no one added any tags here yet for you.
personality
your nature and nurture that can be similar or different from other people
Sigmund Freud
believed in the psychodynamic approach and came up with the 5 psychosexual stages
psychodynamic approach
behavior and personality comes from your unconscious
fixated/fixation
the result of being stuck in one of the 5 psychosexual stages (the unresolved conflict)
Id
says do whatever makes you happy (“the devil”); operates on the pleasure principle
Ego
compromise/the mediator (“the middle-man”); operates on the reality principle
Superego
your ideal self/what you should do (“the angel”); “super-man”
oral stage
(5 psychosexual stages) the fixation results in biting your nails/always wanting to have something in your mouth
anal stage
(5 psychosexual stages) the fixation results in being a neat-freak/a slob (all about control)
phallic stage
(5 psychosexual stages) the fixation results in being jealous due to a lack of power
Oedipus complex
occurs in the phallic stage; having sexual feelings for the parent of the opposite gender and wanting to eliminate the other
latency stage
(5 psychosexual stages) the fixation results in hiding sexual feelings and only hanging out with your same gender
genital stage
(5 psychosexual stages) the fixation results in developing mature and healthy relationships
defense mechanisms
help protect us and shape our personality and actions; occur unconsciously
repression
Pushing an unwanted thought or memory out of awareness
regression
Retreating to an earlier stage of life to feel happier
reaction formation
Behaving and/or thinking the opposite of one’s feelings
rationalization
Offering self-justifying explanations in place of the real unconscious reasons
sublimation
Transferring unacceptable impulses into a socially acceptable option
projection
Disguising one’s thoughts/feelings and attributing them to others
displacement
Shifting aggressive impulses to a less threatening object or person
denial
Refusing to believe or even perceive painful realities
compensation
Overachieving in one area to make up for failures in another
collective unconscious
developed by Carl Jung; we share unconscious thoughts from our ancestor and these thoughts shape our personality
striving for superiority
developed by Alfred Alder; we have an unconscious drive to always be better
womb envy
developed by Karen Horney; men feel inadequate because they cannot give birth and explains the “machoism” that men often show
trait approach
personality is a combination of characteristics that people display over time and across situations
Gordon Allport
(father of the trait approach) attempted to describe personality through central and secondary traits
central traits
Characteristics that are usually obvious and constant
secondary traits
Characteristics that are more specific to certain situations and control far less behavior
trait theory
developed by Hans Eysenck; introversion extraversion and emotionality-stability
Jeffrey Gray
developed both the behavioral approach system and behavior inhibition system
behavioral approach system
Affects people’s sensitivity to rewards and their motivation to seek those rewards; responsible for how impulsive or uninhibited a person is
behavioral inhibition system
Affects how sensitive people are to potential punishment and the motivation to avoid being punished; responsible for how fearful or inhibited a person is
Big 5 model/test
describes personality using 5 dimensions: extraversion, neuroticism, agreeableness, conscientiousness, and openness (OCEAN); can have high/low of each dimension
Myers-Briggs personality test (MBTI)
(objective test) tests 4 types through pairs of statements
temperament
biological and a basic behavioral tendency
social cognitive approach
focuses on conscious thoughts and emphasizes nurture
Albert Bandura
believed in the social cognitive approach and developed the reciprocal determinism
reciprocal determinism
behavior, the environment, and thoughts interact/affect each other to create a person’s personality
high self-efficacy
Having confidence in succus because you succeeded in the past
low self-efficacy
Not having confidence in success because you didn’t succeed in the past
cognitive person variable
developed by Walter Mischel; encodings, expectancies, affects, goals/values, and competencies/self-regulatory plans
expectancy theory
developed by Julian Rotter; learning creates cognitions (known as expectancies), which will then guide behavior, which leads to the creation of your personality
internal locus of control
You believe events are controlled by your own efforts
external locus of control
You believe in luck and destiny
humanistic approach
focuses on growth and potential; how you view yourself
Carl Rodgers
developed the actualizing tendency and self-concept
actualizing tendency
a process towards growth and achievement
self-concept
the way we think about ourselves (effects your self-esteem)
conditions of worth
(negative/don’t want it) a feeling we get when we are personally evaluated and not the behavior; created by someone else
objective tests
(personality inventories) contain direct and clear items to a person’s personality
MMPI
(objective test) was originally designed to asses psychological disorders; asks true/false statements
NEO-PI-R
(objective test) neuroticism, extraversion, and openness; good for relationships because it has a private/public version (self-view vs. others)
projective test
respond to vague and open-ended stimuli to reveal your unconscious
Rorschach Inkblot test
(projective test) 10 cards with inkblots (color and black/white); you describe what you see
thematic apperception test (TAT)
(projective test) 10-12 cards with picture (only black/white); you tell stories about the people you see and what’s going on in their life
deficiency orientation
being focused on what you do not have and always wanting more
growth orientation
being happy with what you have and NOT focusing on what you do not have
Abraham Maslow
focused on deficiency vs. growth orientation
structuralism
an early field of psych, that looks at the structure of the mind/what makes up thoughts (connected to introspection)
functionalism
how does stimuli change the way we function (how do we adapt?)
biological approach
chemical/physical/nature
evolutionary approach
adaptation and instincts
behavioral approach
learning (observable) and reward/punishment
cognitive approach
thoughts/thinking to decision making
sociocultural approach
nurture/culture/religion/society
empiricism/empirical approach
rules of science
experiments/experimental research
give you control/test for cause and effect
case studies
in-depth investigation into an individual or group
independent variables
what you control/manipulate (you get it/you don’t)
dependent variables
what is measured (survey, test, quiz,…)
descriptive stats
numbers that describe the data/summarize the data
inferential stats
apply results and ask the question, what do the results mean?
standard deviation
shows variability/greater the range, greater the SD/greater the SD, the more variability/if no SD, no variability
positive correlation
both variables move in the same direction
negative correlation
one variable increases, the other decreases
statistically significant
difference in results are larger than would be expected by chance
somatic nervous system
voluntary muscle movement
autonomic nervous system
involuntary muscle movement and made up of the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems
parasympathetic nervous system
calms the body down
sympathetic nervous system
gets the body ready to respond (fight/flight respose)
reticular formation
(part of the hindbrain) keeps you conscious
hypothalamus
(part of the forebrain) deals with hunger, thirst, sleep, and sex drive
frontal lobe
where personality, decision making, muscle movement, and speech are dominate
parietal lobe
sensation of touch ad body position (equilibrium)
temporal lobe
deals with hearing, facial recognition, and declarative memory (facts, dates, and names)
occipital lobe
deals with vision (the processing of visual fields)
acetylcholine
a neurotransmitter and a lack of it can lead to Alzheimer’s disease
serotonin
a neurotransmitter and a lack of it can lead to depression
dopamine
a neurotransmitter; a lack of it can lead to Parkinson’s disease and too much can lead to schizophrenia