ap psych chapter 14 terms + concepts

personality

your nature and nurture that can be similar or different from other people

Sigmund Freud

believed in the psychodynamic approach and came up with the 5 psychosexual stages

psychodynamic approach

behavior and personality comes from your unconscious

fixated/fixation

the result of being stuck in one of the 5 psychosexual stages (the unresolved conflict)

Id

says do whatever makes you happy (“the devil”); operates on the pleasure principle

Ego

compromise/the mediator (“the middle-man”); operates on the reality principle

Superego

your ideal self/what you should do (“the angel”); “super-man”

oral stage

(5 psychosexual stages) the fixation results in biting your nails/always wanting to have something in your mouth

anal stage

(5 psychosexual stages) the fixation results in being a neat-freak/a slob (all about control)

phallic stage

(5 psychosexual stages) the fixation results in being jealous due to a lack of power

Oedipus complex

occurs in the phallic stage; having sexual feelings for the parent of the opposite gender and wanting to eliminate the other

latency stage

(5 psychosexual stages) the fixation results in hiding sexual feelings and only hanging out with your same gender

genital stage

(5 psychosexual stages) the fixation results in developing mature and healthy relationships

defense mechanisms

help protect us and shape our personality and actions; occur unconsciously

repression

Pushing an unwanted thought or memory out of awareness

regression

Retreating to an earlier stage of life to feel happier

reaction formation

Behaving and/or thinking the opposite of one’s feelings

rationalization

Offering self-justifying explanations in place of the real unconscious reasons

sublimation

Transferring unacceptable impulses into a socially acceptable option

projection

Disguising one’s thoughts/feelings and attributing them to others

displacement

Shifting aggressive impulses to a less threatening object or person

denial

Refusing to believe or even perceive painful realities

compensation

Overachieving in one area to make up for failures in another

collective unconscious

developed by Carl Jung; we share unconscious thoughts from our ancestor and these thoughts shape our personality

striving for superiority

developed by Alfred Alder; we have an unconscious drive to always be better

womb envy

developed by Karen Horney; men feel inadequate because they cannot give birth and explains the “machoism” that men often show

trait approach

personality is a combination of characteristics that people display over time and across situations

Gordon Allport

(father of the trait approach) attempted to describe personality through central and secondary traits

central traits

Characteristics that are usually obvious and constant

secondary traits

Characteristics that are more specific to certain situations and control far less behavior

trait theory

developed by Hans Eysenck; introversion extraversion and emotionality-stability

Jeffrey Gray

developed both the behavioral approach system and behavior inhibition system

behavioral approach system

Affects people’s sensitivity to rewards and their motivation to seek those rewards; responsible for how impulsive or uninhibited a person is

behavioral inhibition system

Affects how sensitive people are to potential punishment and the motivation to avoid being punished; responsible for how fearful or inhibited a person is

Big 5 model/test

describes personality using 5 dimensions: extraversion, neuroticism, agreeableness, conscientiousness, and openness (OCEAN); can have high/low of each dimension

Myers-Briggs personality test (MBTI)

(objective test) tests 4 types through pairs of statements

temperament

biological and a basic behavioral tendency

social cognitive approach

focuses on conscious thoughts and emphasizes nurture

Albert Bandura

believed in the social cognitive approach and developed the reciprocal determinism

reciprocal determinism

behavior, the environment, and thoughts interact/affect each other to create a person’s personality

high self-efficacy

Having confidence in succus because you succeeded in the past

low self-efficacy

Not having confidence in success because you didn’t succeed in the past

cognitive person variable

developed by Walter Mischel; encodings, expectancies, affects, goals/values, and competencies/self-regulatory plans

expectancy theory

developed by Julian Rotter; learning creates cognitions (known as expectancies), which will then guide behavior, which leads to the creation of your personality

internal locus of control

You believe events are controlled by your own efforts

external locus of control

You believe in luck and destiny

humanistic approach

focuses on growth and potential; how you view yourself

Carl Rodgers

developed the actualizing tendency and self-concept

actualizing tendency

a process towards growth and achievement

self-concept

the way we think about ourselves (effects your self-esteem)

conditions of worth

(negative/don’t want it) a feeling we get when we are personally evaluated and not the behavior; created by someone else

objective tests

(personality inventories) contain direct and clear items to a person’s personality

MMPI

(objective test) was originally designed to asses psychological disorders; asks true/false statements

NEO-PI-R

(objective test) neuroticism, extraversion, and openness; good for relationships because it has a private/public version (self-view vs. others)

projective test

respond to vague and open-ended stimuli to reveal your unconscious

Rorschach Inkblot test

(projective test) 10 cards with inkblots (color and black/white); you describe what you see

thematic apperception test (TAT)

(projective test) 10-12 cards with picture (only black/white); you tell stories about the people you see and what’s going on in their life

deficiency orientation

being focused on what you do not have and always wanting more

growth orientation

being happy with what you have and NOT focusing on what you do not have

Abraham Maslow

focused on deficiency vs. growth orientation

structuralism

an early field of psych, that looks at the structure of the mind/what makes up thoughts (connected to introspection)

functionalism

how does stimuli change the way we function (how do we adapt?)

biological approach

chemical/physical/nature

evolutionary approach

adaptation and instincts

behavioral approach

learning (observable) and reward/punishment

cognitive approach

thoughts/thinking to decision making

sociocultural approach

nurture/culture/religion/society

empiricism/empirical approach

rules of science

experiments/experimental research

give you control/test for cause and effect

case studies

in-depth investigation into an individual or group

independent variables

what you control/manipulate (you get it/you don’t)

dependent variables

what is measured (survey, test, quiz,…)

descriptive stats

numbers that describe the data/summarize the data

inferential stats

apply results and ask the question, what do the results mean?

standard deviation

shows variability/greater the range, greater the SD/greater the SD, the more variability/if no SD, no variability

positive correlation

both variables move in the same direction

negative correlation

one variable increases, the other decreases

statistically significant

difference in results are larger than would be expected by chance

somatic nervous system

voluntary muscle movement

autonomic nervous system

involuntary muscle movement and made up of the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems

parasympathetic nervous system

calms the body down

sympathetic nervous system

gets the body ready to respond (fight/flight respose)

reticular formation

(part of the hindbrain) keeps you conscious

hypothalamus

(part of the forebrain) deals with hunger, thirst, sleep, and sex drive

frontal lobe

where personality, decision making, muscle movement, and speech are dominate

parietal lobe

sensation of touch ad body position (equilibrium)

temporal lobe

deals with hearing, facial recognition, and declarative memory (facts, dates, and names)

occipital lobe

deals with vision (the processing of visual fields)

acetylcholine

a neurotransmitter and a lack of it can lead to Alzheimer’s disease

serotonin

a neurotransmitter and a lack of it can lead to depression

dopamine

a neurotransmitter; a lack of it can lead to Parkinson’s disease and too much can lead to schizophrenia