Bio 20 IB: Cells

Cell Theory

All living things are made of cells, cells are the smallest unit for life, cells arise from others

Cell Communication

Hormones bind to receptors on target cells.

Prokaryotic Cells

Simpler cells lacking membrane-bound organelles and nucleus.

Eukaryotic Cells

Complex cells with membrane-bound organelles and nucleus.

plasma membrane

Protective barrier regulating substance entry and exit.

Genetic Material

storages DNA/RNA info and how the cell will grow and develop

Nucleus

Controls cellular activities; contains DNA in chromosomes.

70s ribosomes

smaller ribosomes found in prokaryotes

80S ribosomes

larger ribosomes found in eukaryotes

Characteristics of free ribosomes

They are not surrounded by a membrane, have 80S ribosomes, located in the cytoplasm, used for proteins that remain inside the cell body which

Characteristics of bound membrane bound ribosomes

They are surrounded by a membrane, are 80S, attach the rough ER, and produce proteins to export or make lysosomes

Cytoplasm

A jellylike fluid inside the cell in which the organelles are suspended

Cytoskeleton

A network of fibers that holds the cell together, helps the cell to keep its shape, and aids in movement

Mitochondria

Powerhouses converting glucose into usable energy.

Chloroplasts

Convert solar energy into glucose through photosynthesis.

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

Network of membranes for protein and lipid synthesis.

Rough ER

ER with ribosomes; site of protein synthesis.

Smooth ER

ER involved in lipid synthesis and detoxification.

Golgi Apparatus

Processes and packages proteins and lipids for secretion.

Lysosomes

Digestive enzyme sacs for waste breakdown.

Vacuoles

Storage organelles for nutrients and waste products.

Vesicles

small membrane sacs that specialize in moving products into, out of, and within a cell

What is the name of the protein which helps the formation of vesicles

Clathrin

How does clathrin form vesicles?

It helps plasma membrane to become indented by binding them together to form a coat of proteins

cilia and flagella

hairlike structures that extend from the surface of the cell, where they assist in movement

Microtubes and centrioles

Animals cells have centrioles they form an anchor point for microtubules during cell division and inside cilia and flagella

What organelles are only found in animal cells?

centrioles, cytoskeleton , lysosomes

Turgor Pressure

Pressure from central vacuole maintaining plant structure when the plant cell is under hypotonic conditions

Plasmolysis

This happens when a cell shrinks inside its cell wall while the cell wall remains intact, in hypertonic conditions

Cell Wall

Rigid structure providing support in plant cells.

Photosynthesis

Conversion of light energy into chemical energy.

Chlorophyll

Pigment enabling plants to perform photosynthesis.

Starch

Energy storage form in plant cells.

Glycogen

Energy storage form in animal cells.

What are functions of life

metabolism, growth, reproduction, response, homeostasis, nutrition, excretion

What are Atypical cells

Cells that do not comply with cell theory

endosymbiotic theory

a theory that states that certain kinds of prokaryotes began living inside of larger cells and evolved into the organelles of modern-day eukaryotes

What organelles are proof of endosymbiotic theory

Mitochondria and chloroplast

How do aerobic prokaryotic cells benefit from living inside the larger cell

It receives nutrients and foods, allowing greater development within the other cell and protection

How does the larger cell benefit from the engulfed aerobic prokaryotic

It receives sugars from photosynthesis bacteria and NRG from aerobic cell respiration

Cell differentiation to develop specialized tissues

When a stem cell is able to "switch" on genes required for specific functions

What are advantages of multicellularity

Longer lifespans, larger organisms, complexity

What organelles have no membrane

ribosomes, centrioles, nucleolus, microtubes, flagella

What organelles have a single membrane

vesicles, vacuoles, rER, sER, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes

What organelles have double membrane

nucleus, mitochondria, chromoplast, chloroplasts

What structures are not considered organelles

Cytoplasm, cell wall, nucleoid

Compartmentalization

Cells have specialized areas or structures within the cell body which carry out certain functions

What is the cell membrane made of?

phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins

What part of the phospholipid is hydrophobic?

tail

What part of a phospholipid is hydrophilic

The heads

Are the heads of phospholipid polar?

Yes

What does ampipathic mean?

both hydrophobic and hydrophilic

What are the two proteins found in the membrane?

Integral and peripheral

What is a glycoprotein?

A carbohydrate chain on a protein, which is embedded within the plasma membrane

What is glycoproteins function?

Cell adhesion and cell to cell communication

What is a glycolipid?

Carbohydrate chains on the phospholipid that projected itself into the exterior environment of a cell

What is a glycolipids function?

Cell to cell recognition and cell adhesion

What is a glycocalyx

Sugar layer that sits on the plasma membrane of animal cells

What are CAMs?

Another word for integral proteins, meaning cell adhesion molecules

How permeable is the phospholipid bilayer?

selectively permeable

Diffusion

Movement of particles from high to low concentration.

Osmosis

Diffusion of water across a semipermeable membrane.

What are aquaporins

Channel proteins that aid water to move, found the kidneys and plant root cells

Hypertonic

Higher solute concentration outside the cell.

Hypotonic

Lower solute concentration outside the cell.

Isotonic

Equal solute concentration inside and outside the cell.

Active Transport

Movement of particles against concentration gradient using energy.

What are the types of protein pumps that are used for active transport?

Uniporter, symporter (2 in the same direct), antiporter (2 in different direct)

Concentration Gradient

Difference in solute concentration across a membrane.

Selectively Permeable

Membrane allowing only certain substances to pass.

simple diffusion

movement of small non-polar solutes from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration

Facilitated Diffusion

Assisted diffusion using proteins for transport of charged ions

Channel Protein

Protein aiding diffusion through the membrane.

Carrier Protein

Protein transporting large molecules across the membrane.

Endocytosis

Process of engulfing substances into the cell.

Exocytosis

Process of expelling substances from the cell.