SPCH HRNG PPT 1

is the study of the physiology that underlies speech and voice production. It includes aerodynamics, acoustics, kinematics, and mechanics.

speech and voice science

the physical movement of the four speech systems to produce sound waves.

speech

the specific movement of the larynx to produce periodic sound waves

voice

How a body structure functions to accomplish a certain goal

physiology

The _________ initiates speech production

Central Nervous System

Speech requires an egressive air source, which is provided by the ____________

Respiratory System

The majority of English phonemes require voicing, which is provided by the ___________ or ___________

Phonatory, Laryngeal System

Air and sound must be shaped into meaningful phonemes by the _________

articulatory system

Sound waves are reinforced to become louder and more resonant by means of the ___________

resonatory system

The resulting ________________ exits the mouth as human speech

complex periodic sound wave

explain the steps of SPEECH AND VOICE PRODUCTION:

1 The Central Nervous System initiates speech production.

2. Speech requires an egressive air source, which is provided by the Respiratory System.

3. The majority of English phonemes requiring voicing, which is provided by the Phonatory or Laryngeal System.

4. Air and sound must be shaped into meaningful phonemes by the Articulatory System.

5. Sound waves are reinforced to become louder and more resonant by means of the Resonatory System.

6. The resulting complex periodic sound wave exits the mouth as human speech.

explain the steps of SPEECH AND VOICE PERCEPTION:

1. A complex sound wave travels through the air and enters the ear.

2. The outer & middle ear amplifies the energy of the sound signal.

3. The inner ear transduces sound waves into an electrical signal.

4. CN VIII (e.g. Vestibulocochlear nerve) transmits electrical energy to the brain to be interpreted into a meaningful message.

A _______________ travels through the air and enters the ear.

complex sound wave

The _______________ amplifies the energy of the sound signal

outer & middle ear

The ____________ transduces sound waves into an electrical signal

inner ear

_____________ (e.g. Vestibulocochlear nerve) transmits electrical energy to the _________ to be interpreted into a meaningful message

CN VIII, brain

WHY WE STUDY SPEECH AND VOICE SCIENCE:

It is difficult to fix something if you don't know how it works. we need to know the foundational knowledge of how speech, voice, and hearing work so that we can later apply evidence based evaluation & treatment.

what is evidence based practice (EBP)

Using objective data and ethical decision making to inform evaluation and treatment

what our client's goals, priorities, and preferences are. Patients need to be given adequate information (informed consent) to make good choices about their care.

patient preference

What are three elements of evidence based pratice (have to have all 3)

Patient preference/client perspective, clinical expertise, and evidence

The therapist's clinical training, their recent continuing education, and their ability to track data to see how the patient responds to treatment.

clinical expertise

is usually the information we gather from research studies.

It attempts to draw unbiased conclusions through testing and observation.

external evidence

external evidence uses....

uses statistical methods to determine the effectiveness of a certain therapy or method on a certain group.

is the data SLPs and Audiologist gather about their patient

internal evidence

quantitative data

anything you can put a number to

qualitative data

any observational data that isn't anumber

By tracking __________ and __________ data over time, we can interpret whether our therapy methods are working (or not).

quantitative, qualitative

SLPs and Audiologists should use ___________ to collect and interpret data so that our data is accurate and free of _______

scientific methods, bias

the process by which we learn about the natural world using observation, quantitative and qualitative data, and reliable and valid testing.

science

science aims to ......;

it attempts to....

systematically test hypotheses using objective testing;

remove bias and assumptions from the conclusions it makes

Scientific _________ changes over time because through testing, scientists continually refine and revise their ideas.

consensus

Why does the scientific method matter in CSD? (communication science and disorders)

The daily job of the CSD professions is applying scientific measurement to evaluate and treat communication disorders.

two things that are important for Ppl who do research studies

reliability and validity

Reliability=

it's repeatable

Validity=

am I measuring what I intended to measure

Evaluation for clinicians:

Clinicians use observation and valid & reliable testing to systematically rule out a diagnosis and determine its root cause.

An accurate diagnosis is necessary for coming up with an effective treatment plan

research for SLPs and audiologists:

SLPs & Audiologists add to the knowledge base by designing & conducting research studies on the etiology of disorders, the effectiveness of certain treatments, and the application of research to real-life patients.

clinicians and treatment (what they use and why; what they must constantly be doing and for what)

- Clinicians use evidenced based treatment to systematically test hypotheses about whether treatment is working or not.

- Clinicians must constantly be learning from current research to update their understanding of how to apply best practices.

Types of external evidence:

(2)

1. primary

2. secondary research

two types of primary external evidence

1. experimental

2. non experimental

2 types of secondary research

meta analysis and systematic review

what is external primary evidence

Individual studies that answer individual research questions. Person gathered data themselves on their patient

what is external secondary research

researches aren't doing testing themselves nor gathering the people, they are gathering other research and putting it together

what is primary experimental research study

manipulating it so two diff groups get something diff

in external evidence, what are three types of experimental evidence

RCT, controlled trial, single subject

what is a controlled experimental trial

two groups assigned to a test or control group without randomization; Ex: some therapy programs you just can't ethically randomize smth

what is an experimental single subject study

if you're a participant, you control your own test group but you go across phases (comparing a person to their own progress but over diff phases)

what is a non experimental study

you are observing a patient but not actually manipulating any variables, just gathering quantitative and qualitative data

what is a cohort study

researches follow a group over time and take data on what happens, sometimes will compare them to a control group

(cohort=group of ppl)

what is a case control study

always retrospective, always looking into past, comparing groups that had one experience with a group that didn't

You can really only make guesses, you can't really test the theories

Prone to a lot of bias bc all you can really do is make an educated guess

what is a case study

usually happens with one patient, maybe ccasionally a group of 2-3 ppl, uncontrolled observation of a single client, almost always is somebody with something really rare;

Helpful but cannot be generalized to large studies of ppl

what is secondary research

researches aren't doing testing themselves nor gathering the people, they are gathering other research and putting it together

what is meta analysis

running it through statistics

what is systematic review

summary

retrospective

collecting data from subject's past

prospective

slp or audiologist follows a subject over time (present/future)

external evidence: levels of rating evidence (5)

- Level I - Systematic review or meta analysis of more than one randomized controlled trial or a randomized controlled study

- Level II- Lesser quality RCT, retrospective study

- Level III- Case controlled studies, cohort studies, controlled study with no randomization.

- Level IV- non-experimental studies, like case studies and observational studies

- Level V - Expert opinion

what is cognitive bias

Cognitive biases are the ways that humans make decision based on subjective data (i.e. our experiences, preferences, and upbringing), rather than logic and objective data

means that when you went to select your sample group, you actually selected people who are diff than the group you had planned to study

selection bias

when the experimental groups have diff characteristics and theyre essentially not equivalent

assignment bias

human beings tend to perform differently if they know they're part of the test group or control group, the fix is that research participants are blinded to what group they are in

performance bias

this is when the researchers know who is in the experimental group and who is in the control group (researcher needs to be blinded to whose in what group)

performance bias

when patients and researchers are both blinded to whose in what group

detection bias

means to fall away; happens when people dont finish a study or drop out of a study

attrition bias

a lot of times as a researcher, you only wanna publish or present your project if it had positive effects

reporting bias

as a researcher you may be less likely to publish it, but if you do, they (reporter/journal) may be less likely to publish it if you don't have positive results

publication bias

the idea that if you think it is going to help, it can actually make some improvements

placebo effect

is the idea that as a human being or in research, taking action is going to work better than doing nothing

action bias

this is a bias we have that we believe things if we think the person saying them has authority

appeal to authority

how to identify misinformation red flags

C - Conflict of interest

R - References

A - Author

B - Buzz words (are there words that engage your heart and not your brain)

S - Scope of practice (the person making these claims- is it relative to their scope of practice and their level of expertise)

T/F Science is a set of facts that never change

false

T/F Science is a way to test ideas objectively

true

T/F Everyone is prone to having cognitive biases

true

T/F SLPs & Audiologists use science on a daily basis

True

T/F Evidence based practice must have external evidence, but clinical expertise and patience preference is optional

false

Two diff types of secondary research:

systematic review and meta analysis

What are three elements of evidence based pratice (have to have all 3)

Patient preference/client perspective, clinical expertise, and evidence