western civ final

romes 3 heirs

byzantine empire, arabic empire, western europe empire

what were the middle ages

\-medieval period of european history between the fall of the Roman Empire and beginning of the renaissance

\-called the dark ages

\-lasted 1,000 years

byzantine empire's emperor

emperor justinian

what did emperor justinian do?

tried to rebuild the roman empire

what was the roman plague

pandemic; early stages strain virus that later caused the black death

it spread rapidly due to roads that linked the roman empire

justinians wars

very devastating to italy, aqueducts and land was destroyed

code of justinian

\-modernized to roman law

\-foundation of many western legal systems

byzantine empire education systems

inclusive and open to women

byzantine empire architecture

paid little attention to exterior but interiors were beautiful

byzantine empires architects created

created and used to dome in buildings, making them appear to float

islam empire

began in arabia

arabia

mostly desert, has nomadic people

mecca

sacred site, home of kaaba, a shrine housing a black stone that was worshiped by arabian tribes (still very sacred)

muhammed

\-born in mecca as an orphan

\-married a wealthy widow, merchant

\-moved medinn by invitation

\-later executed all jewish men for treason and enslaved women and children

muhammed's epiphany

belief in allah (monotheism)

mecca became what after muhammeds death

a pilgrimage site

quran

\-sacred scripture of islam (muslim bible)

\-believed it was revealed to by God to muhammed by the angel gabriel

how did arab forces spread islam?

by conquests led by caliphs

caliphs

representatives of muhammed

5 pillars of islam

\-submission to gods will

\-frequent prayer

\-giving alms

\-ritual fasting

\-the hajj

the hajj

one pilgrimage to mecca in ones lifetime

the franks

in north west europe and succeeded in establishing a dynasty

clovis

war king who established an alliance between his family + france bishops by converting to christianity

clovis found what dynasty

merovingian dynasty

frank language

merged with latin language to become the french language (Clovis to Louis)

monasticism

catholic monasteries grew and became powerful.... missionary work flourished

monks spread christianity to?

britain and europe

pope Gregory the first (the great) built the

Catholic Church

gregorian chant

encourage music in christian worship

jews role in crucifixion did what

deprived them of their rights in the jewish

charles martel aka

the hammer

charles martel was considered

\-the 2nd founder of frank kingdom after 200 years of weak rule after clovis died

\-\****defeated a muslim army at tours + took control of France and this kept europe christian****

pepin the short

\-son of charles martel

\-allied w the pope

\-was anointed king of the franks

\-started new ritual of biblical precedent

charlemagne aka

charles the great

charlemagne started what dynasty

started carolingian dynasty

how did charlemagne unite the franks

by attacking a common enemy

carolingian renaissance

cultural and intellectual flowering that created the idea of court as a cultural center

charlemagne taught scholarship was essential to

salvation

charlemagne + christmas day

crowned emperor of the holy roman empire

how did the carolingian dynasty collapse

after being divided by charlemagne's 3 grandsons

vikings were

scandinavian raiders who controlled much of british isles and a region of france (normandy)

normandy aka

norseman land

vikings colonized

colonized iceland, greenland, and vinland

when did viking attacks diminish

after scandinavian conversion to christianity

england peoples

angles, saxons, and jutes were early settlers they were also germanic people

england is aka

angleland

alfred the great

his success in defending the kingdom against vikings allowed him to unify england

\-also created englands first navy

latin castellum means

little fortress

castles, knights, kings, + lords

nucleus for towns + protection for peasants

knights were

private armies of lords heavily equipped with weapons and armor and fought on horseback

fuedalism

social system of medieval europe where nobles held crown lands in exchange for military service

the rus

a group of vikings and active raiders from sweden and conquered kiev (ukraine)

rus established a kingdom named

eurasia

manors

-individual farms merged into large, common fields that were farmed collectively

serfs

free peasants who could not leave the land without permission, but protection was provided

towns

were created for trade centers, not subject to jurisdiction of a lord, very unsanitary (lots of disease)

jewish bankers created

systems of investment and banking which was a monopoly (forbidden)

vassals

nobles tenants and serfs worked for farms

duke william of normandy

claimed possession of English crown but kind harold was selected instead

duke william v harold

defeated harold at the battle of hastings... now he is called william the conquerer

fiefs

land grants taken from english owners

crusades

series of religious wars where european christian crusades tried to capture the holy land from its muslim capturers

\-viewed themselves as “taking up the cross”

\-many jews killed in the first crusades

christian crusaders captured

jerusalem

crusades extended the reach of

christianity and western civilization

europe learning internet led to the

renaissance

king henry II

great grandson of William the conquerer and a strong administrator... married Eleanor of Aquitaine

conflicts w the church

the archbishop of canterbury murdered by 4 of henrys knights supposedly on his order (thomas beckett)

king richard the lionheart

crusader who spent 6 months in england during his reign

king john

lost land in france, so raised taxes to make an army, which angered the nobles

magna carta

\-great charter

\-nobles forced john to sign at runnymede

\-guaranteed rights to english men

\-\***expressed idea that the ruler is bound by laws***

magna carta established

the representative body called the parliament

frederick barbosa aka

red beard

frederick barbosa invented

the term "holy roman empire" and often at odds with the pope

fredrick barbosa

attempted to unify germany and was killed in crusades and afterwards germany split for over 500 years

hugh capet

considered 1st king of france

\-descendant of charlemagne

hugh capet established

the capetian dynasty

\-produced unbroken line of male heirs for over 300 years (effective administrative)

reconquista

iberian christian rulers eventually defeated muslims kingdoms (conquest of christian lands)

what united spain

marriage of ferdinand and isabella

what allowed Spain to become very powerful and rich

columbus discoveries

university

unique public forum for advanced study and attaining new knowledge

paris

loose association of teachers formed a universities w/ emphasis on theology

bologna, italy universities specialize in

law

all universities are based on what models

paris and bologna models

why was lecture main way of students learning

books were too much $$$

the renaissance

-began in italy and spread through europe

petrarch

italian poet who wanted to bridge gap between classical greek + rome

renaissance means

rebirth, intellectual + artistic movement critical of the present and admiring of the past greatness of greece and italy (followed the middle ages)

leonard da vinca painted

the last supper, mona lisa

michelangelo painted

sculptures pieta and david, sistine chapel paintings

raphael painted

painted the school of athens, the transfiguration

niccolo machiavel

write the prince which was a handbook for tyrants that they should be judged by their consequences not their morals

protestant reformation

ignited by martin luther's nailing of the 95 thesis on church door

luthers 95 thesis

complaints written abt catholic church corruption

after reformation

many churches split off into a variety of protestant churches

pope leo x approved

sale of plenary indulgences to finance

tetzel sold

selling indulgences (automatic ticket to heaven for oneself or relative in purgatory)

luther taught

salvation by gods grace alone

diet of worms

condemned martin luther for heresy

what was the lutheran church

many germans became Lutherans and the church became the main lutheran protestant church

anabaptists

(rebaptisms) broke w/ zwingli over an issue of infant baptism and said must be baptized again as adults