imaging lower extremities (textbook)

Erythema

Redness of skin caused by infection or inflammation

Hypercoagulability (thrombophilia)

Increased tendency of blood to thrombose

Pitting edema

Buildup of body fluids in tissue

• will persist in the tissue for several seconds after pressed

Point of care ultrasound

POCUS meaning

Stasis

Non-movement, stagnant blood flow can lead to thrombosis

Thrombophlebitis

Inflammation of vein walls often leading to thrombosis

Venoplasty

Dilation of a vein with a balloon catheter

Virchow’’s triad

The three conditions which cause thrombosis is called __

1. Circulatory stasis

2. Vein wall injury

3. Hypercoagulability state

Previous DVT, cancer, pregnancy, trauma, estrogen, thrombophilia

Risk factors of DVT

Persistent calf or leg swelling, tenderness, massive thigh and calf swelling, cyanotic limb

Symptoms of acute DVT

True

T or F: anterior leg symptoms are not associated with DVT

Chronic DVT

DVT at least six months old, increased echogenicity throughout the vessel

Popliteal to the iliac

Acute thrombus located anywhere from the ___ vein to the ____ vein is life threatening due to an increased risk of pulmonary embolism

May-Thurber Syndrome

Compression syndrome affecting the left leg venous outflow

Underneath

The left iliac courses (above/underneath) the right iliac artery

Entire left leg swelling, dull aching and heaviness in the left leg, redness of ankles, increase pain with standing

Symptoms of May-Thurner Syndrome

Antiocoagulation, surgical thromboectomy, IVC filter

Treatment of May-Thurner Syndrome

Primary venous insufficiency

Insufficiency caused by a congenital absence of venous valves

Secondary venous insufficiency

Insufficiency caused by damaged valves from previous episodes of vein thrombosis and outflow obstruction.

Recurrent lower leg swelling, prominent varicosities, venous claudication, ulceration

Symptoms of venous insufficiency

Venous reflux

A venous Doppler exam of the popliteal veins may reveals a sustained flow signal upon release of distal compression, this would indicate…

Circulatory stasis, hypercoagulability, intima injury

Components of Virchow’s triad include …

Iliac vein obstruction

Continuous, non-phasic flow unilaterally in a common femoral vein indicates…

Baker’s cyst

What is the name for an abnormal popliteal structure containing synovial fluid?

False

T or F: the presence of respiratory variation in the femoral vein rules out DVT in the Ipsilateral popliteal veins may reveals

Phlegmasia Cerulean Dolens

A condition resulting in a grossly swollen and cyantonic leg that is caused by iliofemoral venous thrombosis is called..

Chronic venous outflow obstruction

In addition to incompetent valves, what else is a cause of venous insufficiency

Posterior

Describe the anatomical position of the popliteal vein compared to the popliteal artery.

May Thurner Syndrome

Thrombosis of the left common iliac vein by extrinsic compression of the right iliac artery is known as…

T: velocity calculation is not necessary

T or F: angle correction is not necessary in venous imaging

Lymph node

Which of the following is kidney-shaped structure sometimes imaged in the groin region.

A. Abscess

B. Synovial cyst

C. Hernia

D. Lymph node

Gastrocnemius

If thrombus is found in this vein, it can extend into popliteal vein where it can embolize?

F: check for DVT which could be dislodged by the arterial exam

T or F: if you have to perform a lower arterial exam and a venous exam on the same patient, you should perform the arterial first.

True

T or F: a negative D-dimer test usually rules out the presence of acute DVT