Goofy ahh history final notes

Urban Renewal

Getting rid of slums. Get rid of blighted neighborhoods. Sounds great! Right? No. It added onto red lining and de facto segregation. Bad areas were targeted, and people living in these places were moved.

Robert Taylor Homes

A result of urban renewal. This was the largest housing project ever. High crime rate, bad living conditions, overcrowding. Very few schools and parks. De facto segregation BOOOOOOM.

De facto segregation

Segregation by custom

De jure segregation

Segregation by law

Brown V Board of Ed.

5 cases across five states. Challenged Plessy V Ferguson "separate but equal". Warren believes that separate but equal violated the 14th Amendment. It overrules "separate but equal which then goes to education and the process of integrating schools begin.

March on Selma

March in 1965 to protest segregation. The marchers were peaceful, but the police was not. They were viciously attacked by the police resulting in the "Bloody Sunday" attack. Two weeks later, the march resumed. This time President Johnson took control of the National Guard to guarantee the safety of the marchers.

Emmett Till

He was abducted and brutally murdered for allegedly flirting with a white woman. The murdered were acquitted by an all-white jury. Till's mother has an open casket funeral to outrage the white community. This led to solidifying the support of the Civil Rights movement, and after this, NAACP started winning more cases.

Boynton v. Virginia

An African American law student who bought a bus ticket in Washington, D.C. headed for Montgomery, Alabama. He went to the whites only section of the restaurant and was refused service. He was arrested. He was tried and convicted of violating the state segregation law. In a 7-2 majority, the SCOTUS agreed with the law student. The two dissenting votes did not disagree, but rather, the restaurant was privately held and not subject to the ICC, but should have been filed as a 14th amendment case. This case is significant because: it upheld that federal laws banning segregation overrule state laws and in cases where federal commerce laws don't apply, equal protection laws can.

Freedom Summer

SNCC decided to organize a voter drive and send out voters to fan out across the South to gain more voting rights by registering people to vote. Just one week into the voter registration drive, three of SNCC members disappeared in Philadelphia, Mississippi. They were found murdered and buried in an earthen dam. They were only able to register 1,6000 African American voters in the summer of 1964, eventually voter registration improve with the passage of the Voting Rights Act of 1965 (voter intimidation not allowed).

Great Society

Johnson's plan to end inequality in the United States. It included Headstart (free preschool), Medicaid (healthcare), Voting rights act of 1965, fair housing act, etc.

Civil Rights Act of 1964

On the same night Medgar Evers was assassinated, President Kennedy asked Congress for a comprehensive civil rights bill. Kennedy was assassinated in November so it wouldn't be passed. President Johnson made this piece of legislation a priority and passed the act in 1964. It's important because it "prohibits discrimination on the basis of race, color, religion, sex or national origin".

Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)

An outgrowth of the SCLC that focused on organizing young people and training them in nonviolent civil disobedience to achieve civil rights.

Earl Warren

Social liberal and pro civil rights. Former Governor of California who was appointed to the Supreme court by President Eisenhower in 1953. He unified the Court in the Supreme Justice during the Brown V Board of Ed. case.

Rosa Parks

Worked for the NAACP (important because that meant they were trained in civil disobedience) in Alabama and volunteered to be the test case to challenge Montgomery’s bus segregation laws following the Brown v. Board of Ed. Case. The standing behind the challenge was that if the SCOTUS had ruled separate but equal was unconstitutional in education, it should therefore also be unconstitutional when it comes to other public services.

Martin Luther King Jr

Head of SCLC, civil rights leader, pastor. Powerful speaker and unifies hundreds and thousands in the fight to end segregation.

Ralph Abernathy

American pastor and civil rights advocate who was the #2 at the SCLC. His organizational skills allowed Dr. King to focus on the message of the civil rights movement. He guided non violent civil disobedience training and expanded membership. Also worked directly with NAACP to coordinate legal and economic pressure to end segregation.

James Meredith

Applied to the University of Mississippi after serving 9 years in the U.S. Airforce. Was denied access due to his race. He enrolled at Jackson State College and filed a case against Ole Miss through the NAACP and won his case in 1962. When he went to register for class, Governor Barnett was waiting at the door and blocked him from enrolling. U.S. Attorney General Robert F. Kennedy then called in federal troops to protect him so that he could register for classes.

Medgar Evers

Fought in WW2. Denied civil rights based on race. He went to college and began his journey to civil rights leader and martyr. He was a revolutionary civil rights leader. Eventually he would become head of the Mississippi chapter of the NAACP. He was important in realizing the power of advertising by bumper stickers and t-shirts. On June 12, he was assassinated while President Kennedy was making a civil rights speech.

Fannie Lou Hamer

Civil Rights activist who worked with SNCC. She helped organize the 1964 Freedom Summer African American voter registration drive. She was a strong advocate of nonviolent protests.

Desegregation of Little Rock Central High School

In 1984 schools become integrated but the South hated that. The president feared of moving "too far too fast" with integration in schools. Little Rock was a moderate school southern state and city. The night before the school opened, Governor Orval said: Units of the national guard are being used to prevent 9 black teens because of their excellent grades to go to the school. They were turned away by the national guard. The 9th student missed the call and she walked alone with a mob of white people following her. The black parents and NAACP went back to court. The question: Would the federal government assert its authority? Eisenhower thought he could simply persuade Governor Faubus. He removed the National Guard and used city police instead. Eisenhower set paratroopers of the 101 Airborne Division to escort the children into the school.

War on Poverty

In some cases, this term meant additional services and protections for people living below the poverty line. In other cases it took the form of “urban renewal”.

Hernandez vs Texas

Peter, a Mexican-American farmworker, was convicted of murder by an all-white jury in Jackson County, Texas—a place where no Mexican-Americans had served on a jury for over 25 years. His lawyer argued this was discrimination. The state claimed Mexican-Americans were considered white, so there was no discrimination. The Texas Court agreed, but the U.S. Supreme Court disagreed. They ruled that Hernandez’s 14th Amendment rights (equal protection under the law) were violated. This case helped end racial discrimination in jury selection and influenced voting rights, since juries come from voter rolls.

Freedom Riders

Nonviolent protestors who challenged bus segregation and segregation at bus facilities (e.g. restaurants) related to interstate travel. The most famous of these protests involved a bus that was fire bombed on Sunday, May 14, 1961. Images of the bus attack made national news and swayed public opinion in favor of integration and ending de jure segregation.

Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC)

Created as part of Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, enforces protections against discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin. It also enforces protections related to the Equal Pay Act, Pregnancy Discrimination Act, and Age Discrimination.

Malcolm X

A member of the Nation of Islam who pushed for African American civil rights and independence. He initially believed in the use of violence to gain civil rights, however, following his pilgrimage to Mecca, he became more moderate. While not abandoning the use of violence in his, “By Any Means Necessary,” speech, he said that America was in a unique position to have a bloodless revolution if it chooses to give everyone the ballot, otherwise, people will choose the bullet.

Kwame Ture

Originally a member of SNCC. As a member of SNCC Carmichael advocated nonviolent civil disobedience. However, over time he began to believe that nonviolence was no longer an effective tool and became more associated with radical groups. Often considered to be the founder of the Black Power Movement.

Lorraine Hansberry

African American author who wrote A Raisin in the Sun to highlight segregation and redlining.

Kerner Commission

Following several riots, President Johnson issues the Executive order 11365 which created an investigation of the riots. The commission attributed the riots to lack economic opportunity for African Americans and Latinos, failed social service programs, systemic police brutality, racism, and the orientation of national media to white perspectives.

Economic Opportunity Act

A series of programs aimed to create jobs in economically disadvantaged communities that were part of Johnson’s War on Poverty. Some examples include the Job Corps and VISTA (Volunteering in Service to America) programs.

Medicare

Part of Johnson’s 1965 legislative agenda that created government sponsored medical insurance for the elderly.

Medicaid

Part of Johnson’s 1965 legislative agenda that created government sponsored medical insurance for people with limited income.

Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965

Overhauled the immigration program and removed the national origins quota system.

Betty Friedan

Feminist author of The Feminine Mystique. Often considered the founder of second wave feminism in the U.S.

Gloria Steinem

Built upon Friedan’s work and established Ms. Magazine to reframe how women are viewed in the media.

Phyllis Schlafly

Organized opposition to the ERA.

National Organization of Women

Grassroots organization founded in 1966 to promote feminist ideals, lead societal change and eliminate discrimination.

Equal Rights Amendment

Proposed Amendment that would have created constitutional guarantees for woman to equal rights.

Cesar Chavez

Mexican American civil rights/farm workers rights activist. Co-founder of the National Farm Workers union which later became the United Farm Workers union.

Dolores Huerta

Latinx civil rights/farm workers rights activist. Co-founder of the National Farm Workers union which later became the United Farm Workers union. She has also been very active in women’s rights and voting rights.

Dennis Banks and Russell Means

Native American activists and leaders. Both men were heavily involved in the formation and running of A.I.M American Indian Movement, an organization dedicated to advancing Native American rights.

Chicano Movement

A movement initially led by Mexican Americans, but would later evolve to be inclusive of people from other Latinx backgrounds. Beyond an increased sense of pride in Latinx culture, it also aimed to develop community resources, advocated for self-determination, and greater control of its schools, economy, politics, and culture.

National Council of La Raza

Now known as UnidosUS, it was an outgrowth of local Mexican American civil rights organizations in Arizona and throughout the southwest. Over time the organization began to advocate for education and immigration, greater legal and political representation, and social services for the Latino community throughout the United States.

National Indian Youth Council

Founded in 1961, a Native American civil rights organization that advocates for the restoration of rights and land to Native Americans, self determination in political and judicial matters, and the ending of discrimination.

Indian Self-Determination Act

1975 law that gave Native American tribes greater control of resources administered by the Dept. of Interior and reduced the influence of the Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA).

Japanese American Citizens League

Founded in 1929, the organization initially focused on protecting civil and human rights for Japanese Americans. Today the organization works for all Asian and Pacific Islander Americans (APIA) to address civil and human rights issues and combat bigotry and injustice towards APIA.