UTS Reviewer

Socrates

He was the first philosopher who ever engage in a
systematic questioning about the self

Plato

He said that when three components of the soul are attained, the human's soul becomes just and virtuous

St. Augustine

He followed the view of Plato but he added Christianity.

Socrates

For him, the worst thing that can happen to anyone is to live but die inside

lives eternally in spiritually bliss with God.

Following the view of Plato but adds Christianity, St. Augustine claims that the body dies on earth, but the soul _________.

Rational soul

Mary has the capacity to decide what is factual and obvious, she can judge what is untrue. What part of the soul is responsible for Mary's sensible decisions?

Appetitive soul

Nica experiences effortless cravings that are required for her to stay alive like hunger and thirst. What part of the soul is accountable for Nica's desires?

Rene Descartes

They all believed that a man is a dual nature of body and soul, except?

has wisdom

For Socrates and Plato, the goal of life is to be happy. One becomes happy if one?

Gilbert Ryle

He states that what truly matters is the behavior that a person manifests in his day-to-day life

Greeks

question myths and moved away from them in attempting to understand reality and respond to perennial questions of curiousity

Thales

water is the arche

Pythagoras

mathematics

Parmenides

metaphysics

Heraclitus

cosmology

Empedocles

four elements
Others

St. Thomas Aquinas

Adapting some ideas from Aristotle, he said that indeed, man is composed of two parts: matter and form.

Matter/hyle

Refers to the
"common stuff
that make up
everything in the
universe".
Man's body is
part of the
matter

form/morphe

Refers
to the
"essence of a
substance or a
thing." It is
the soul that
animates the
body.

COGITO and EXTENZA

For Descartes, the self is also a
combination of two distinct entities.

David Hume

An empiricist who believes that one can only know what comes from the senses and experiences.

Idea and Impressions

To Hume, the self is nothing else but
a bundle of impressions that can be categorized into two.

Immanuel Kant

there is necessarily a mind that organizes the impressions that men get from the external world

Gilbert Ryle

He solved the mind-body dichotomy that has been running for a long time in the history of thought

Maurice Merleau-Ponty

Says that mind and body are so intertwined that they cannot be separated from one another.

Marcel Mauss

French anthropologist who explained the phenomena of the ability of the self to adapt to different circumstances.

Social Constructionistperspective

A view that the 'person' and their 'social
context' where the boundaries of one
cannot be separated from the
boundaries of the other

Moi

It refers to a person's sense of who
he is, his body and his basic
identity, his biological givenness.

Personne

It is composed of the social
concepts of what it means to be
who he is

Language

is another interesting aspect of social constructivism.

Cognitive construct

people construct their own understanding
and knowledge of the world through their
experiences and their reflections upon these experiences.

William James

One of the earliest psychologists to study the
self and conceptualized the self as having
two aspects - the "I" and the "Me".

Carl Rogers

He believed that humans have one basic
motive, that is the tendency to self-actualize
- i.e., to fulfill one's potential and achieve the
highest level of 'human-beingness' we can.

Self-schema

Our organized system or collection of
knowledge about who we are.

Sigmund Freud

He saw the self, its mental processes, and
one's behavior as the results of the
interaction between the Id, the Ego, and
Superego.

Symbolic Intractionism

The self is created and developed through
human interaction.

Private Self

internal standards and
private thoughts and feelings

Public Self

your public image commonly
geared toward having a good
presentation of yourself to others.

Actual Self

it is who you are at the
moment

Ideal Self

who you like to be

Ought Self

who you think you should be.

Self-consciousness

Too much self-awareness that we are
concerned about being observed and
criticized by others.

Deindividuation

The loss of individual self-awareness and
individual accountability in groups.

Social Comparison Theory

We learn about ourselves, the
appropriateness of our behaviors, as well as
our social status by comparing aspects of
ourselves with other people.

Downward Social Comparison

we
create a positive self-concept by
comparing ourselves with those who are
worse off than us.

Upward Social Comparison

comparing
ourselves with those who are better off
than us.

Self-evaluation Maintenance Theory

We can feel threatened when someone
outperforms us, especially when that person
is close to us.

Narcissism

A trait that is characterized by overly high
self-esteem, self-admiration, and self-
centeredness.

Confucianism

It is focued on having a harmonious social life

Self cultivation

seen as the ultimate purpose of life. also called "subdued self" Personal needs are repressed for the good of many

chun tzu

a man of virtue or noble character

Taoism

The ideal self is selfless but this is not forgetting about the self

Buddhism

the self is also the source of all these sufferings.

-Forget about the self
-Forget the craving of the self
-Break the attachments with the world
-Renounce the self

To attain the state of Nirvana

Individual culture

The focus is on the person/self

Collectivist culture

Group and social relations is given more importance

Gonads

reproductive
glands that produce the
gametes; testis or ovaries

hermaphrodite

is an
organism with both male and
female genitalia.

Pseudohermaphrodites

Individuals having
accessory reproductive structures that do not
"match" their gonads.

True hermaphrodites

Individuals who possess
both ovarian and testicular tissues, but this
condition is rare in nature.

Cryptorchidism

a
condition in which one or
both of the testes fail to
descend from the abdomen
into the scrotum

Meiosis

is a process where
a single cell divides twice to
produce four cells containing
half the original amount of
genetic information.

Phimosis

narrowing of foreskin of the male
reproductive structure and misplaced urethral
opening.

Turner's syndrome

- a
condition that affects only
females, results when one of
the X chromosomes (sex
chromosomes) is missing or
partially missing.

Klinefelter's syndrome

- a genetic condition
that results when a boy is born with an extra
copy of the X chromosome.

Menarche

the first
menstrual period of females
which happens 2 years after
the start of puberty.

Vaginal infections

are more common in
young and elderly women and in those
whose resistance to disease is low.

Orchiditis/orchitis

inflammation of testes that
can cause sterility.

Solitary behavior

Sexual behavior involving only one individual

Self-gratification

self-stimulation that
leads to sexual arousal and generally, sexual
climax.

Sociosexual behavior

Heterosexual behavior is the greatest
amount of sociosexual behavior that occurs
between only one male and one female.

Petting

engage in sexually stimulating
caressing and touching

Coitus

the insertion of the male
reproductive structure into the female
reproductive organ.

Premarital coitus

in modern Western
societies, it is more likely to be tolerated but
not encouraged if the individuals intend
marriage

Marital coitus

in most societies, it is
considered as an obligation.

Extramarital coitus

involving wives is
generally condemned and, if permitted, is
allowed only under exceptional conditions or
with specified persons.

Post-marital coitus

coitus by separated,
divorced or widowed person.

Excitement Phase

it is caused by increase
in pulse and blood pressure;

Plateau phase

If stimulation is continued, orgasm
usually occurs.

Sexual climax

a rapid increase in
pulse rate and blood pressure, and spasms of
the pelvic muscles

Resolution phase

return to a normal or subnormal
physiologic state.

Physiological problems

abnormal development of the genitalia or that
part of neuropsychology controlling sexual
response. Negative
emotions can definitely affect the behavior
of an individual.

Premature emission of semen

Caused by
excessive tension in male who has been
sexually deprived.

Erectile impotence

is almost always of
psychological origin in males under 40;

Ejaculatory impotence

ejaculatory inability can be possibly expected in
older men or in any male who has exceeded his
sexual capacity.

Vaginismus

penetration is painful or
impossible. due to anti-sexual conditioning or
psychological trauma.

identity

personal characteristics social roles and responsibilities.

I

Thinking, acting and feeling self

Me

reflects the self as an object of experience

Nancy Chodorow

she argues that because mothers take the role of taking care of a child

ID

pleasure

ego

reality

Self-actualize

fulfill one's potential

Self-awareness

aware of our self concept

Self-esteem

positive or negative perception

western

towards the self

eastern

other person

XX chromosome

female's chromosomes

XY chromosome

male's chromosomes

embryonic testes

releases testosterone and formation in the duct