INCOMPLETE: Health and Wellness through Nutrition - Infants

During the first 6 months of life, an infant is expected to double the birth weight

During the first 6 months of life, an infant is expected ot double the birth weight

By age 1, a child should triple its birth weight.

by age 1, a child should triple its birth weight

The 3 measurements a healthcare provider needs to determine if an infant is growing adequately are head circumfence, body weight, and length

the 3 measurements a healthcare provider needs to determine if an infant is growing adequately are head circumference, body weight, and length

To assess a child’s growth accurately, an appropriate growth chart, accurate measurement, and accurate calculation of a child’s age are needed. The CDC and WHO have developed separate charts for girls and boys

To assess a child’s growth accurately, an appropriate growth chart, accurate measurement, and accurate calculation of a child’s age are needed. The CDC and WHO have developed separate charts for girls and boys

The CDC recommends that growth charts be used to 2 years

The CDC recommends that growth charts be used to 2 years.

The Ballard scale can be used for infants as early as 20 weeks of gestation

The Ballard scale can be used for infants as early as 20 weeks of gestation

LGA (Large for Gestational Age) - birth weight above or equal to 90th percentile, also known as macrosomia

LGA (Large for Gestational Age) - Birth weight above or equal to 90th percentile, also known as macrosomia

AGA (Appropriate for Gestational Age) - Infant’s weight falls between 10th and 90th percentile

AGA (Appropriate for Gestational Age) - Infants weight falls between 10th and 90th percentile

SGA (Small for gestational age) - infants weight falls at or below 10th percentile. Could be small due to IUGR (Intrauterine growth retardation). SGA further divided into: pSGA (proportionately small for gestational age, everything at or below 10th percentile) and dSGA (disproportionately small for gestational age, weight at or below 10th percentile, but head and length above)

SGA (Small for gestational age) - infants weight falls at or below 10th percentile. Could be small due to IUGR (intrauterine growth retardation). SGA further divided into pSGA (proportionately small for gestational age, everything at or below 10th percentile) and dSGA (disproportionately small for gestational age, weight at or below 10th percentile, but head and length above)

Learn how to read percentile chart

During a child’s first 3 years of life, a child’s energy needs are between 80-120 kcal/kg/day. Premature infants are higher at between 110-130 kcal/kg/day.

During a child’s first 3 years of life, a child’s energy needs are between 80-120 kcal/kg/day. Premature infants are higher at between 110-130 kcal/kg/day

Main energy source for infants is carbs, which ensure that protein needed for growth is not used for energy. Fats are a back-up energy but are also essential for supplying fatty acids

Main energy source for infants is carbs, which ensure that protein needed for growth is not used for energy. Fats are a back-up energy but are also essential for supplying fatty acids

an infant is using more energy once they are able to roll over and crawl. Other energy expenditures include basal metabolism at 50%, physical activity at 25%, tissue growth at 12%, fecal loss at 8%, and thermic effect of food at 5%

an infant is using more energy once they are able to roll over and crawl. Other energy expenditures inculde basal metabolism at 50%, physical activity at 25%, tissue growth at 12%, fecal loss at 8%, and thermic effect of food at 5%

for the first 6 months of life, an infant’s protein needs are met through breast milk (baby food added after). Ground turkey, chicken, cheese, yogurt, and other dairy products are food sources

for the first 6 months of life, an infant’s protein needs are met through breast milk (baby food added after). Ground turkey, chicken, cheese, yogurt, and other dairy products are food sources

Infants need more water/kg than adults do because infants have a higher percentage of water in their total body weight, infants have more water in the extracellular spaces, infants have a bigger proportional body-surface area and metabolic rate than adults

Infants need more water/kg than adults do because infants have a higher percentage of water in their total body weight, infants have more water in the extracellular spaces, and infants have a bigger proportional body-surface area and metabolic rate than adults

0-6 months of age infants need 0.7 liters (700 ml) of water daily

0-6 months of age infants need 0.7 liters (700 ml) of water daily

7-12 months of age infants need 0.8 liters (800 ml) of water daily

7-12 months of age infants need 0.8 liters (800 ml) of water daily

Factors that influence calcium absorption in infants include maternal nutrition during pregnancy, type of feeding the infant receives, calcium and phosphorus content in breast milk, type of alternative formula in breast milk, when solid foods are introduced.

factors that influence calcium absorption in infants include maternal nutrition during pregnancy, type of feeding the infant receives, calcium and phosphorus content in breast milk, type of alternative formula in breast milk, and when solid foods are introduced

an infant with low iron levels can develop iron-deficiency anemia and impaired cognition and behaviors. Risk factors include a mother with preeclampsia, IUGR, and preterm babies.

an infant with low iron levels can develop iron-deficiency anemia, impaired cognition and behaviors. Risk factors include a mother with preeclampsia, IUGR, and preterm babies

cow’s milk should be avoided for babies for many reasons, including that the high amounts of calcium interfere with iron absorption. Most formulas and cereals are iron-fortified.

cow’s milk should be avoided for babies for many reasons, including that the high amounts of calcium interfere with iron absorption. Most formulas and cereals are iron-fortified

preemie mothers have milk higher in energy, carbs, fat, protein to meet elevated needs of preemies. If it is not enough, human milk fortifiers (powders or liquid mixed with breast milk to increase concentration of calories and protein in milk for preemies and low birth weight infants can be used in addition.

preemie mothers have milk higher in energy, carbs, fat, protein to meet elevated need of preemies. If it is not enough, human milk fortifiers (powders or liquid mixed with breast milk to increase concentration of calories and protein in milk for preemies and low birth weight infants can be used in addition

Breast milk during pregnancy key times: women’s body prepared for lactation during pregnancy. Produces colostrum (thin yellow fluid preceding breast milk that is 20% proteins, minerals, and immunoglobulins needed to develop immunity against pathogens. Mother produces breast milk 5th post-partum day. Breast milk changes over time to meet infant needs

Breast milk during pregnancy key times: women’s body prepared for lactation during pregnancy. Produces colostrum (thin yellow fluid preceding breast milk that is 20% proteins, minerals, and immunoglobulins needed to develop immunity against pathogens. Mother produces breast milk 5th post-partum day. Breast milk changes over time to meet infant needs

cow milk - unacceptable substitute for human breast milk due to high calcium content causing issues with iron absorption and also due to cow milk causing GI bleeding

Cow’s milk - unacceptable substitute for human breast milk due to high calcium content causing issues with iron absorption and also due to cow milk causing GI bleeding

Weaning typically begins 6-9 months. Most mothers breastfeed for 1st year of life to provide nutrition and immunity

Weaning typically begins 6-9 months. Most mothers breastfeed for 1st year of life to provide nutrition and immunity

For infants starting to eat solids (around 6 months of age) it is better to start with vegetables and meats before fruits and grains. Fruit sweetness being introduced first may lead to the infant not wanting to eat anything else

For infants starting to eat solids (around 6 months of age) it is better to start with vegetables and meats before fruits and grains. Fruit sweetness being introduced first may lead to the infant not wanting to eat anything else

New foods to infants should be introduced one at a time waiting 3 days before trying a new food. This helps parents determine if a food allergy is present and for what

New foods to infants should be introduced one at a time waiting 3 days before trying a new food. This helps parents determine if a food allergy is present and for what

At 6 months, recommended foods to introduce are iron-fortified cereals made from rice, barley, or oats.

at 6 months, recommended foods to introduce are iron-fortified cereals made from rice, barley, or oats

at 8 months, recommended foods to be introduced are pureed baby food/meats and more grains (wheat, crackers, bread, pasta)

at 8 months, recommended foods to be introduced are pureed baby food/meats and more grains (wheat, crackers, bread, pasta)

between 8 and 10 months, recommended foods to be introduced are chopped,mashed,cooked, raw fruits and vegetables; pureed meats, egg yolks, beans, cottage cheese, and hard cheeses

between 8 and 10 months, recommended foods to be introduced are chopped,mashed,cooked, raw fruits and vegetables; pureed meats, egg yolks, beans, cottage cheese, and hard cheeses

between 10 and 12 months of age, recommended foods to be introduced are chopped fruits and veggies and finger foods

between 10 and 12 months of age, recommended foods to be introduced are chopped fruits and veggies and finger foods

at 12 months of age, whole eggs and whole milk can be introduced

at 12 months of age whole eggs and whole milk can be introduced

nutrition: infant risk - babies put to bed with bottles of milk or formula are at risk for baby bottle tooth decay (sugars in milk or formula begin rotting teeth)

nutrition: infant risk - babies put to bed with bottles of milk or formula are at risk for baby bottle tooth decay (sugars in milk or formula begin rotting teeth)

foods such as hot dogs, cherries, grapes, and popcorn are choking hazards not to be given to infants

foods such as hot dogs, cherries, grapes, and popcorn are choking hazards not to be given to infants

wheat products, egg whites, citrus juice, nuts, and chocolates should not be given to an infant due to possible allergens

wheat products, egg whites, citrus juice, nuts, and chocolates should not be given to an infant due to possible allergens

cow’s milk interferes with iron absorption and should not be given to childern under the age of 1

cow’s milk interferes with iron absorption and should not be given to children under the age of 1