Test 7

Bolshevik Revolution

The overthrow of Russia's Provisional Government in the fall of 1917 by Lenin and his Bolshevik forces, made possible by the government's continuing defeat in the war, its failure to bring political reform, and a further decline in the conditions of everyday life.

red scare

Most intense outbreak of national alarm, began in 1919. Success of communists in Russia, American radicals embracing communism followed by a series of mail bombings frightened Americans. Attorney General A. Mitchell Palmer led effort to deport aliens without due process, with widespread support. Did not last long as some Americans came to their senses. Sacco/Vanzetti trial demonstrated anti-foreign feeling in 20's. Accused of armed robbery & murder, had alibis. "Those anarchists bastards". Sentenced to death and executed.

criminal syndicalism laws

Passed by many states during the Red Scare of 1919-1920, these nefarious laws outlawed the mere advocacy of violence to secure social change. Stump speakers for the International Workers of the World, or IWW, were special targets.

American plan

Term that some U.S. employers in the 1920s used to describe their policy of refusing to negotiate with unions. Demonstrated laissez-faire economics.

Ku Klux Klan

founded in the 1860s in the south; meant to control newly freed slaves through threats and violence; other targets: Catholics, Jews, immigrants and others thought to be un-American

Bible Belt

The region of the American South, extending roughly from North Carolina west to Oklahoma and Texas, where Protestant Fundamentalism and belief in literal interpretation of the Bible were traditionally strongest.

Immigration Act of 1924

Also known as the Johnson-Reed Act. Federal law limiting the number of immigrants that could be admitted from any country to 2% of the amount of people from that country who were already living in the U.S. as of the census of 1890.

18th Amendment

Prohibited the manufacture, sale, and distribution of alcoholic beverages

Volstead Act

the Act specified that "no person shall manufacture, sell, barter, transport, import, export, deliver, furnish or possess any intoxicating liquor except as authorized by this act." It did not specifically prohibit the purchase or use of intoxicating liquors

racketeers

a person who engages in dishonest and fraudulent business dealings

Fundamentalism

Literal interpretation and strict adherence to basic principles of a religion (or a religious branch, denomination, or sect).

Scientific Management

management theory using efficiency experts to examine each work operations and find ways to minimize the time needed to complete it

Fordism

principles for mass production based on assembly-line techniques, scientific management, mass consumption based on higher wages, and sophisticated advertising techniques, attributed to Henry Ford

United Negro Improvement Association

A group founded by Marcus Garvey to promote the settlement of American blacks in their own "African homeland"

(Warren) Harding

President of the United States from 1921 to 1923. This Republican man, though good-natured himself, surrounded himself with a few shady characters who tainted his presidency. Believed in a quasi-laissez-faire economic policy. Died of illness in 1923.

Adkins v Children's Hospital (1923)

In this court case, the Supreme Court reversed its own reasoning in Muller v. Oregon, on the grounds that women were now the legal equals of men (after the Nineteenth Amendment).

Washington Naval Conference (1921-22)

A conference hosted by the US which called for US and British de-fortification of Far East possessions (though Japan could fortify all it wanted). Also called for general naval disarmament.

Kellogg-Briand Pact (1928)

A rather idealistic agreement between the great world powers to never engage in war except for defensive purposes.

Fordney-McCumber Tariff (1922)

Raised tariff from 27% to 35%, Duties on farm produce increased. Passed during the Harding Administration.

Teapot Dome Scandal (1923)

A horrible political scandal involving the private bribery of Secretary of the Interior Albert B. Fall in exchange for government oil rights.

(Calvin) Coolidge

President of the United States from 1923 to 1929. Became president when Harding died of pneumonia. This man was known for practicing a rigid economy in money and words, and acquired the name "Silent Cal" for being so soft-spoken. He was a true republican and industrialist. Believed in the government supporting big business.

Progressive Party

Revived political party that ran Robert La Follette in the Election of 1924. This group believed in a more pro-labor policy, especially in the supporting of economically downtrodden farmers. It received a fairly large percentage of votes for a third party.

Dawes Plan (1924)

This loan program was crafted to give money to Germany so that they could pay war reparations and lessen the financial crisis in Europe; the program ended with the 1929 stock market crash.

(Herbert) Hoover

President of the United States from 1929 to 1933. Republican candidate who assumed the presidency in March 1929 promising the American people prosperity and attempted to first deal with the Depression by trying to restore public faith in the community.

(Alfred) Smith

He was the Democratic presidential candidate in the 1928 election. He was the first Catholic to be elected as a candidate. Had too many "problems" to win against Hoover.

Agricultural Marketing Act (1929)

This act provided for a form of relief for farmers by creating a Federal Farm Board, which was designed to stabilize farm crop prices. lost over $150 billion

Federal Farm Board

Agency of the U.S. Department of Agriculture; it offered farmers insurance against loss of crops due to drought; flood; or freeze. It did not guarantee profit or cover losses due to bad farming.

Stock Market Crash (1929)

Plunge in stock market prices that marked the beginning of the Great Depression

"Black Tuesday" (10/29/29)

Name given to the fatal crash of 1929.

Hoovervilles

Sneering name given to the shantytowns that sprang up during the depression.

Hawley-Smoot Tariff (1930)

Raised tariffs to an unprecedented level and worsened the depression by raising prices and discouraging foreign trade.

rugged individualism

the belief that all individuals, or nearly all individuals, can succeed on their own and that government help for people should be minimal. Popularly said by Herbert Hoover.

Reconstruction Finance Corporation (1932)

This agency became a government lending bank. It was designed to provide indirect relief by assisting insurance companies, banks, agricultural organizations, and railroads.

"Bonus Army" (BEF) (1932)

Name given to the mass of struggling WWI vets who, in the face of hard economic times, wanted to collect their pay checks early.

Manchurian Crisis (1931)

In 1931 the Japanese stage-managed an attack on the Japanese owned Manchurian railway by "Chinese bandits." To protect their interests the Japanese army took control of the whole region. Both China and Japan appealed to the League of Nations to arbitrate.

Stimson Doctrine (1932)

American foreign policy that stated that the US would not formally recognize any territories that were seized by force.

Good Neighbor Policy

FDR's foreign policy of promoting better relations with Latin America by using economic influence rather than military force in the region.

Brain Trust

Nickname for FDR's version of the "Kitchen Cabinet," authored many New Deal Programs

New Deal

FDR's policy that focused on Relief, Recovery, and Reform

Emergency Banking Relief Act of 1933

Gave the president the power to regulate banking transactions and reopen solvent banks

"Fireside Chats"

FDR's weekly radio addresses, gave assurances about safety of banks

Glass-Steagall Act

Created the FDIC, ended bank failures and loss of savings for individuals

Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC)

Guaranteed a person's savings in the event of a bank failure

Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC)

Provided employment for 3 million men; jobs included firefighting, reforestation, flood control, etc.

Federal Emergency Relief Act

Provided $3 billion to states to provide money for jobs through work projects

Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA)

Provided money to farmers to help meet mortgages, not grow certain crops, later declared unconstitutional

Civil Works Administration

Provided temporary jobs such as leaf-raking during the hard-hit winter

Works Progress Administration

Spent $11 billion on public buildings, bridges, roads, etc. 9 million people were employed

National Recovery Act (NRA)

Program designed to assist industry, labor, and the unemployed. Established minimum wage

Schechter Poultry v. US

Declared that Congress could not delegate legislative powers to the executive

Public Works Administration (PWA)

Built dams such as the Grand Coulee, helped create electrical power and irrigation for farmland

20th Amendment

Changed inauguration date to Jan. 20 to limit "lame duck" time period

21st Amendment

Repealed the 18th amendment, made alcohol legal again

Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA)

Paid farmers to not grow crops, later declared unconstitutional

Indian Reorganization Act of 1934

Reversed the "Dawes Act" and encouraged Native Americans to establish self-government

Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC)

Regulates stock market to ensure it exists as trading market and not gambling casinos

Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA)

Put 1,000s of people to work and created hydro-electric power; One of larger New Deal programs

Social Security Act

Payroll tax that provided security for senior citizens and provided for federal-state unemployment insurance

Federal Housing Administration (FHA)

Provided small loans to householders; one of FDR's lasting programs

Wagner Act of 1935

Reasserted the right of labor to organize and collectively bargain

Court Packing Plan

FDR's plan to increase size of Supreme Court in order to favor his New Deal policies; he could appoint a new judge for every judge over 70 years of age

London Economic Conference

conference to organize a coordinated international attack on the global depression; fell apart when the US did not want to give up inflationary policies.

Tydings-McDuffie Act

gave independence to the Philippines after a twelve-year period of economic and political tutelage.

Good Neighbor Policy

endorsed nonintervention and consultation in South America. Encouraged trade and mutual defense of the Western Hemisphere.

Reciprocal Trade Agreements Act

reversed the traditional high-protective-tariff policy and paved the way for the American-led free trade international economic system.

Rome-Berlin Axis

alliance between Hitler and Mussolini. After five years, Japan joined arms with Germany and Italy in the Tripartite Pact.

Johnson Debt Default Act

prevented debt-dodging nations from borrowing further in the United States

The Neutrality Acts

stipulated that when the president proclaimed the existence of a foreign war, certain restrictions would automatically go into effect.

Spanish Civil War

General Francisco Franco rose to power with the assistance of Hitler and Mussolini

Quarantine Speech

speech by FDR that called for "positive endeavors" to "quarantine" the aggressors

Appeasement

concessions made by the Allies in order to stop Hitler

Hitler-Stalin Pact

nonaggression treaty between Germany and the Soviet Union. Gave Hitler a green light to make war on Poland and the Western democracies.

International Rescue Committee

founded by Eleanor Roosevelt. Brought thousands of victims of persecution to sanctuary in the United States.

Neutrality Act of 1939

provided that henceforth the European democracies might buy American war materials on a "cash-and-carry" basis.

Fall of France

jarred America out of apathy. Only Britain stood between Hitler and the death of European democracy.

Committee to Defend America by Aiding the Allies

Pro-British propaganda group that appealed to both isolationists and interventionists.

Wendell L. Willkie

Republican candidate in the 1940 presidential election. Forced Roosevelt to run for a third term.

Lend-Lease Bill

would send a limitless supply of arms to the victims of aggression, who in turn would keep the war in Europe and repay the US by returning the used weapons or equivalent at the end of the war

Robin Moor

unarmed American merchant ship torpedoed and destroyed by a German submarine in the South Atlantic.

Atlantic Charter

new covenant that outlined the aspirations of the democracies for a better world at war's end. Opposed imperialistic annexations and affirmed the right of people to choose their own form of government;

Greer, Kearny, and Reuben James

US destroyers attacked by German submarines

Pearl Harbor

Japanese surprise attack on a naval base in Hawaii. Plunged the United States into war. --- America was in a devil's dilemma. They wanted to stay out of the war and promote peace, but they wanted to support Britain and stop Japan.

Internment Camps

US policy in regards to Japanese Americans following the attack on pearl harbor

Rosie the Riveter

propaganda campaign led by many women to enter the workforce and create a need for daycare centers

War Production Board

A US organization that oversaw the production of war materials and the changeover to war industry development

Office of Price Administration

A US organization that regulated prices to keep necessary items affordable during the war and prevent even greater hardship for Americans on the home front

Native American changes during the war

moved off reservations, worked for the war effort as code talkers

island hopping

US Pacific policy that allowed the US to strategize their attack and reach mainland Japan

Casablanca Conference

conference that planned the invasion of Italy which would then lead to the Italian surrender

Tehran Conference

conference that planned the invasion of France

Potsdam Conference

conference that developed a plan for a postwar world and how the Allies would handle defeating Japan

Midway Battle

Pacific battle that was seen as the turning point in the Pacific campaign

Battle of Stalingrad

European battle that was seen as the turning point in the European campaign

Battle of the Bulge

battle seen as the last German effort to achieve victory

D-Day battle

battle that was the largest sea invasion in history

Iwo Jima Battle

a Pacific battle that had severely high casualties and the infamous flag-raising picture

Eisenhower

the supreme commander of the US forces at the D-day invasion

General MacArthur

supreme commander of the US forces in the Pacific

Manhattan Project

the US code name for the atomic bomb project headed by J. Robert Oppenheimer