Chadwick
discovered that in addition to protons, the nucleus also contains neutrons.
Combustion
a substance combines with oxygen and releases energy (thermal or light) Creates Fire.
Rutherford
most of an atoms mass and positive charge is concentrated in a small area in the center called the nucleus.
reaction rate
Increases ________ because there are more particles to collide with each other.
Mixtures
________ can be solid or gasses.
hydronium ion
Produces a(n) ________ when dissolved in water.
Granite
________ is an example of a solid.
Thompson
________- cathode rays (made of electrons) are negatively charged, used positively and negatively charged plates.
hydroxide ion
Produces a(n) ________ when dissolved in water.
Metalloids
________ are in the middle of the metals and the nonmetals.
Neutrons
________: In the nucleus with the protons; neutral.
Physical change
________: you have the same chemical thingamabobbers.
Chemical reactions
________ occur faster if the particles collide more often or if the particles are moving faster when they collide.
Dalton
________- atoms can not be created or destroyed, atoms combine in specific ratios.
Democritus
________- different types of matter are made from different atoms.
Water molecules
________ have a lot of polarity and the ability to form hydrogen bonds.
Electron Cloud
________: surrounds the atom.
unit of solvent
Concentrated: more solute per ________.
Dimitri Mendeleev
________ categorized in rows by atomic mass (Mendeleev)- used repeating chemical /physical properties to make columns.
surface area
Increased ________ increases the rate of a reaction because more particles on the surface of the solid come in contact with the particles of another substance.
electron cloud
Electrons: In the ________;- 1 charge.
Democritus
different types of matter are made from different atoms
Dalton
atoms cannot be created or destroyed, atoms combine in specific ratios
thompson
cathode rays (made of electrons) are negatively charged, used positively and negatively charged plates
rutherford
most of an atoms mass and positive charge is concentrated in a small area in the center called the nucleus
chadwick
discovered that in addition to protons, the nucleus also contains neutrons
bohr
said that the neutrons and protons are in orbits (found out later that they were not)
modern atomic model
electron cloud
Proton
rutherford
electron
Thomson
neutron
Chadwick
in the center
Nucleus
surrounds the atom
Electron Cloud
In the nucleus; +1 charge
protons
In the nucleus with the protons; neutral
neutrons
In the electron cloud; -1 charge
electron
Group 1
Alkali metals
Group 2
Alkaline earth metals
Group 3-12
Transition metals
Group 17
Halogens
Group 18
Noble Gasses
Most common element in the universe
hydrogen
ionic
non-metal and Metal
covalent
non metal and nonmetal
metallic
metal and metal
chemical change
you end up with something different
physical change
you have the same chemical thingamabobbers
Synthesis
2 reactants and 1 product (2 or more substances combine and form 1 compound)
Decomposition
1 reactant and 2 products (1 compound breaks down and forms 2 or more compounds)
single replacement
1 element replaces another in a compound
Double replacement
ions in 2 compounds switch places (forms 2 new compounds)
Combustion
a substance combines with oxygen and releases energy (thermal or light) Creates Fire
Endothermic reactions
absorb thermal energy (more energy is needed to break the bonds than is produced by breaking the bonds) (decomposition reactions) (feels Cold)
Exothermic reactions
release thermal energy (less energy is needed to break the bonds than is produced by breaking the bonds) (synthesis reactions)
dilute
less solute per unit of solvent
concentrated
more solute per unit of solvent
Acid
red
Base
blue
Wave
A disturbance that transfers energy from place to place without transferring matter
Mechanical wave
A wave that can travel only through matter
Medium
A material in which a wave travels
Transverse wave
a wave in which the disturbance is perpendicular to the direction the wave travels
Crest
The highest point of a transverse wave
Trough
The lowest point of a transverse wave
Longitudinal wave
makes the particles in a medium move parallel to the direction that the wave travels
Compression
The regions of a longitudinal wave where the particles in the medium are CLOSEST together
Rarefaction
The regions of a longitudinal wave where the particles of the medium are FARTHEST apart
Electromagnetic wave
A wave that can travel through empty space and through matter
Amplitude
The maximum distance that the wave moves from its rest position
Wavelength
The distance from one point on a wave to the same point on the next wave
Frequency
Number of wavelengths that pass by a point each second
Absorption
The transfer of energy by a wave to the medium through which it travels
Transmission
The passage of light through an object
Reflection
The bouncing of a wave off a surface
Law of reflection
When a wave is reflected from a surface, the angle of reflection is equal to the angle of incidence
Refraction
The change in direction of a wave that occurs as the wave changes speed when moving from one medium to another
Diffraction
The change in direction of a wave when it travels by the edge of an object or through an opening
Interference
Occurs when two or more waves overlap and combine together
fluid
any substance that can flow and take the shape of the container that holds it
pressure
the amount of force per unit area applied to an object's surface
buoyant force
an upward force applied by a fluid on an object in the fluid
atmospheric pressure
the ratio of the weight of all the air above you to your surface area
Archimedes' Principle
the weight of the fluid that an object displaces is equal to the buoyant force acting on the object
Pascal's Principle
when pressure is applied to a fluid in a closed container, the pressure increases by the same amount everywhere in the container
Bernoulli's Principle
the pressure of a fluid decreases when the speed of the fluid increases
drag force
a force opposes the motion of an object through a fluid
Boyle's Law
If you decrease the volume of a container (but keep the temperature the same), the pressure in the container will increase (PiVi=PfVf)
Charles' Law
the volume of a gas increases when the temperature increases (Vi/Ti=Vf/Tf)
Electromagnetic wave
a wave that can travel through empty space and matter
Radiant energy
energy carried by an electromagnetic wave
Electromagnetic spectrum
the entire range of electromagnetic waves with different wavelengths and frequencies
Radio wave
a low frequency, low energy electromagnetic that has a wavelength longer than about 30 cm
Microwave
is a low frequency, low energy electromagnetic wave that has a wavelength between about 1 mm and 30 cm
Infrared wave
an electromagnetic wave that has a wavelength shorter than a microwave but longer than light
Ultraviolet wave
an electromagnetic wave that has a slightly shorter wavelength and frequency than light and carries energy to cause chemical reactions
X-ray
a high energy electromagnetic wave that has a slightly shorter wavelength and higher frequency than an ultraviolet wave
Gamma ray
a high energy electromagnetic wave with a shorter wavelength and higher frequency than all other types of electromagnetic wave
force
A push or pull exerted on an object
contact force
a push or pull on one object by another that is touching it
non-contact force
a force that one object can apply to another object without touching it