DIGITAL IMAGING IN RADIOGRAPHY MIDTERM

2025

Radiographic operating consoles are controlled by?

Computers

The____ is an example of computer input hardware?

A) Printer

B) Keyboard

C) CPU

D) Hard Drive

This part of the CPU tells the computer how to carry out software instructions and directs the hardware to perform tasks?

Control Unit

This is an example of an output device

A) imaging system

B) monitor

c) mouse

d) keyboard

This system uses communication technology to transfer image and patient data.

Teleradiology. It was FDA approved in 2011

This device converts digital information into an analog format (from sender) and then changes it from analog back into digital form (at reciever)

a) communication software

b) teleradiology

c) system software

d) Modem

This is an example of an operating system

Mac OS

Windows

Unix

Linux

This process describes “once an image is acquired, it is able to be viewed immediately”

Real-time processing

This is an Electronic Switch that allows or does not allow electronic signals?

Transistor

8 bits combined = _______

1 Byte = 8 bits

The fastest connection for communication software is ?

a) ISDN

b) fiberoptics

c) Cable modem

d) DSL

The adaptation of computer technology to mimic the human mind in cognitive activities such as learning & problem solving describes?

a) deep learning

b) machine learning

c) artificial intelligence

d) attacking

This describes unsupervised training with algorithims designed to identify similar clustering of data (data mining)

a) artificial intelegence

b) region of interest

c) pattern recognition

d) facial recognition

AI can ID a ____________ for the radiologist’s concentration & suggest a diagnosis.

Region of interest

This part of the SNR is responsible for the image forming x-rays that accurately represent patient anatomy?

Signal component

DR systems cannot compensate for excessive ________ caused by Quantum mottle.

Noise

A smaller pixel size on an image receptor will result in ______ spatial resolution on the image

BETTER

*smaller pixel size also results in an increase in Pt DOSE

When measuring _______, one is measuring the number of LP (line pairs) visualized in a given length.

a) pixel size

b) focal spot size

c) contrast resolution

d) spatial frequency

If imaging manufacturers made pixel size smaller on the image receptor, then pt. dose would____?

Increase

Digitial spatial resolution is limited by ____?

a) penumbra

b) pixel size

c) dynamic range

d) screen/Film standards

When a technologist performs the post-processing functions of “window width” & “window level” they are manipulating ____&____.

contrast & brightness

_____ may be defined by as the ability of an imaging system to resolve and render on the image a small, high contrast OBJECT.

Spatial resolution

A LINE PAIR TEST PATTERN device is used to measure the _______ of the image and is measured by determining spatial frequency in line pairs / mm.

a) contrast resolution

b) DQE

c) spatial resolution

d) pixel size

T/F regarding DIgital Imaging Systems, increasing kVp and reducing mAs DOES NOT change contrast and spatial resolution.

TRUE

CR cassettes and Film/Screen cassettes can be used with any conventional x-ray imaging system.

TRUE

in CR technology, it is the ________ that stores the latent image in the PSP constructed as storage phosphor screens (sps) of the Imaging plate (IP)

Europium

What type of PSP is produced to enhance x-ray absorption and limit light spread?

Needle PSP

What component of the IP reduces backscatter and improves contrast resolution?

Lead backing

The _____ is the component in the CR reader that stimulates the metastible electrons stored in the PSP causing them to return to ground and emit light.

laser

After an IP is read, it is erased by__________ in the CR reader.

Bright light

What mechanical feature deflects laser beam back and forth across the IP?

Oscillating mirror

CR has a ______ latitude, producing up to 100,000 shades of gray.

WIDE

Radiographic technique, especially kVp is responsible for controlling contrast in CR

FALSE,

*contrast is controlled by the computer

imaging noise mostly results from______?

Scatter

SPR (scanned projection radiography) reduces _____ reaching the image receptor with pre & post collimators that improve ______________.

scatter

image contrast

CCD/s are _________ responsive than screen-film at very low x-ray exposure.

more

This form of digital radiography first converts x-rays to light and then to an electronic signal.

Indirect capture

What is the collection element for Cesium iodide/amorphous silicon (CsI, a-Si) DR system?

TFT(Thin Film Transistor)

__________ is the term that describes the percentage, 80%, of the pixel face that is sensitive to x-rays.

Fill factor

Regarding a CsI a-Si Dr system, smaller pixels result in better resolution and an _____________ in pt. dose

increase

________ is the substance used in Direct Digital Radiography (DDR), DR.

Amorphous silicon (a-Se)

T/F X-ray interacts directly with amorphous selenium (a-Se) and no light is produced.

TRUE

The ability to distinguish between an image’s similar tissues describes what term?

Contrast resolution

T/F regarding digital mammography, spatial resolution is more important than contrast resolution.

FALSE

This is a co-set or subset to machine learning and includes a “neural network”

Deep learning

______ contain neurons(nodes) that transmit information from one layer of the network yo the next

Neural networks

Screen-film (SF)-intensifying screen emit_____ in response to x-ray light.

Light

_____ is a process that uses Barium Fluorohalide w/ Europium in the psp that emits light when exposed to the laser light in an image reader

Photostimulable Luminescence

This layer of the IP called the _____ produces more light to send light to the photodiode

Reflective layer

____ block laser light waves from interfering w/ emitted light.

Optical filters

The CR reader is made up of these 3 things___.

Mechanical parts

Optical features

Computer modules

Laser beam shaping optics keep consistent beam____, ____, ____, ____.

Size

Shape

Speed

Intensity

The light of the imaging plate is directed to the following 4 options___.

Photo detector, PMT, PD or CCD

The _____ collects light photons & amplifies them making light brighter.

Photomultiplier tube

The ______ sends the signal to the computer for processing.

Photodetector

T/F, Noise appears on every image?

True

Screen film is = to _____ shades of gray, while CR produces _____ shades of gray.

30 & 100,000

T/F with CR you don’t have to worry about over or under exposure?

True

What are the 3 sources of image noise in CR?

Mechanical defects, optical defects, computer defects.

Electronic noise, inadequate sampling, & inadequate quantization are all examples of ____.

Computer defects.

Various DR imaging modalities differ in:

Capture element

Coupling element

Collection element

Name the capture element, coupling element, & collecting element in CR.

BaF/psp

Lens/Fiber optics

Photodetector

Name the capture, coupling & collecting element for SPR (scanned projection radiography)

Nal/CsI

None

Photodetector

Name the capture, coupling & collecting element For Indirect DR.

CsI

Fiberoptics

CCD/ CMOS

Name the capture, coupling & collecting element For Indirect DR

CsI/ GdOS

Contact layer

TFT

Name the capture, coupling & collecting element for Direct DR

A-Se

None

TFT

SPR has 2 dedicated applications for ___&____.

CT & Dedicated Chest Unit

CCD has the ability to detect & respond to low _____ levels

Light

CsI/ CCD can be ____& receive light from a ______ (anyone of your phosphors) for use within an area of beam x-ray.

Tiled & scintillator

DQE (detective quantum efficiency) is the_____ in x-ray capture efficiency.

Increase

CSI has an atomic # 55, meaning it has a high_____________.

Photoelectric effect.

A line & the interspace of the same width describes_____.

Line pair

Spatial resolution is determined by_____.

Focal-spot size

______ helps quantify the overall imaging performance of a system in terms of resolution & contrast.

MTF (modulation transfer function)

* is the ability of an imaging system to show objects of different sizes in an image.

An imaging system that produces an MTF of 1 produces images exactly as they appear. Lower than 1 is worse.

The ____% MTF is identified as the system spatial resolution.

10%

Digital imaging can produce between ____&_____ shades of gray.

256 (8 bit)-65,536 (16 bit)

_____Range of a digital system is identified by the ______ of each pixel

Dynamic & bit capacity

Noise limits _____resolution.

Contrast

DSA (digital subtraction angiography) increases_____.

SNR