Global Hazards

Weather outside the UK, Weather inside the UK, Tectonic hazard

Typhoon Haiyan: **Place specific causes**

* ^^**Philippines** - **South-east** coast^^
* ^^**EDC**^^
* ^^**7000** islands^^
* **2013**, November 8
* **Super Typhoon**
* ^^Windspeed: **312 km/h**^^

__**Ideal Conditions:**__

* **Pacific Ocean**: ^^Vast, warm water form typhoon^^
* **Low shear wind**: ^^Kept structure intact^^
* **Small, dispersed islands:** ^^Can’t reduce Typhoon energy^^

__**Human Causes:**__

* ^^**Rapid population** - especially by coast^^
* **Tacloban:** 76,000 → **221,000**
* One of **worst areas affected**
* ^^Much of country in **poverty**^^:
* ^^**↓ Infrastructure**^^ - can’t handle typhoon
* ^^**Low development** - ↓ ability to cope^^

Typhoon Haiyan: **Consequences**

__**Social:**__

* **Towns** destroyed (@@**130,000 houses**@@)
* @@**1.9 million** made homeless@@
* **10%** population affected (**11.5 million**)
* @@**7,000** dead@@

__**Economic:**__

* **$2.86 billion** in damages
* **$85 million** in farm damage
* Reliant on **primary industries** (rice)
* **130,000** tonnes of rice destroyed

__**Environmental:**__

* %%**400mm** rain%% from typhoon
* %%**Soil erosion** & vegetation lost%%
* %%**Habitats lost**%%
* %%**Landslides**%%

Typhoon Haiyan: **Response**

1. %%**ShelterBox**%%: provide %%**water purification equipment,** **blankets, solar-powered lights, cooking equipment**%%
2. %%**1215** shelters%% set up
3. %%**Red Cross** provided **basic food aid**%%
4. **Philippine government deployed** %%**soldiers** to restore **law & order**%%
5. ==**Heavy rain & damaged roads**==
* Areas left ==**inaccessible**==
6. ==**Small islands:** hard to distribute aid **effectively**==
7. ==**4 million** still in shelters==

**2022** UK Heatwave: **Place specific causes**

* High-pressure system ^^**Azores High**^^
* ^^**Pushed farther North** into **UK**^^
* ^^**High-pressure heat dome**^^
* High-pressure **traps hot air**
* Led to ^^**record-breaking temperatures**^^
* ^^**Highest**: 40.3^^
* ^^**Previous high:** 38.7 - 2019^^

__**Climate Change:**__

* ^^Made heatwave **10x more likely**^^
* ^^**↑ Intensity & ↑ Length**^^
* ^^**Enhanced greenhouse effect** → ↑ temperature^^

**2022** UK Heatwave: **Consequences**

__**Social:**__

* @@**5** dead@@
* Hospitals @@**cancelled surgeries** due to heat@@
* **Thousands without power -** __equipment overheated__
* @@**15,000** homes without electricity@@
* @@**Fires** broke out@@:
* @@**↑ Stress** on **firefighters** - **2,600+** calls@@
* @@**41** homes@@ damaged
* **Rail services** suspended - @@↓ transport, people stuck@@

__**Economic:**__

* **Rail services** suspended - ↓ people can’t work
* **Aysgarth falls & Riverbed** dried out - ↓ tourism

__**Environmental:**__

* %%**Low** rainfall%%
* %%**Aysgarth falls & Riverbed** dried out%%
* %%**Dried out soil**%%
* Can’t absorb water - %%↑ **Risk** of **flooding**%%

**2018** UK Heatwave: **Response**

1. Hosepipe bans imposed in some places - **7 million** **people** to tackle **water shortage**
* ==**Not all homes - minimises impact**==
2. %%100 soldiers brought to tackle fires in **Saddleworth**%%
3. London, **alerts issued** for **high pollution** levels
4. %%Farmers permitted to **extract more water** to stop crops dying%%
5. %%Public Health England created a **heatwave plan**%%
6. ==Nothing done to aid **economical issues**==
* ==**e.g. more A&E admissions & damage done by wildfire**==
7. ==Nothing done to aid **environmental issues**==
* ==**Only an alert was sent to London**==

**Nepal** Earthquake: **Place specific causes**

* ^^**2015,** April 25^^

__**Conditions:**__

* ^^**Pressure building** along **Indian & European plate**^^
* Epicentre in ^^**Kathmandu**^^
* ^^**Capital: 1.2 million**^^
* ^^**Shallow focus: 15km**^^
* **Stronger** earthquake ^^**(7.8)**^^
* **Mountainous** ^^**country** in **Himalayas**^^

__**Human Causes:**__

* ^^**LIDC**^^
* ^^↓ **Infrastructure**^^
* ^^**25%** below **poverty line**^^

**Nepal** Earthquake: **Consequences**

__**Social:**__

* @@**8600** dead & **19,000** injured@@
* **Landslides & Avalanches**
* @@**Blocked roads**@@
* @@**1,000 health centres**@@ destroyed
* @@**8,300 schools**@@ destroyed
* @@**3.5 million** homeless@@
* @@**Lack** of clean water@@ → **disease spread**

__**Economic:**__

* **$10 billion** in damages
* **Lost jobs**
* ↓ **Tourism** - Nepal reliant

__**Environmental:**__

* %%**Landslides** & **Avalanches**%%
* %%**Habitats** lost%%

**Nepal** Earthquake: **Response**

1. %%**Emergency aid** given by **Red Cross & Oxfam**%%
* %%Support **injured & homeless**%%
2. %%**India**%% provided %%**blankets, food & water, doctors & medical supplies**%%
3. %%**7000** schools%% rebuilt
4. **Hampered** by ==**damaged infrastructure**==
* ==Some **cut off by landslide**==
5. **Stricter building codes**
* ==**Not always followed**==
6. ==**70%** displaced **still in shelters**==
7. Worries of ==**human trafficking**==

__**Predicting & Warning**__ for an Earthquake

* **Satellites** & **seismometers**
* GIS to produce **hazard maps**
* **Seismic gaps**
* ↑ Time since last earthquake → ↑ Risk
* **Technology warnings**
* Phone alerts

__**Educating & Protecting**__ from an Earthquake

* **Earthquake drills**
* e.g. Japan
* “Go bags”
* First aid kits
* Bottled water
* Water purification

__**Preparing**__ for an Earthquake

### __**Infrastructure & Building Codes:**__

__LIDC:__

* **Steel rod foundations**
* **Concrete ring** to tie architecture to the foundation
* **Cross-braced wood** or **frames**
* **Lightweight thatch roofs**

__AC:__

* **Shock absorbers**
* **Steel frames**
* **Safety glass**
* **Deep foundations**