propedeutics small animals- reproductive and urinary system

-general status

-water intake

-urine quantity

-urine characteristics

-sexual and reproductive behavior

-drugs

what is important information to get from the owner about the animal's anamnesis regarding urinary and reproductive systems?

increased urine volume

what does polyuria mean?

diabetes mellitus

what disease might be related with polyuria?

polaquiuria

what is the medical term for an increased frequency of urination?

infection of the urinary tract- cystitis, urethritis

if the patient has polaquiuria, what might we guess it has wrong?

decreased urine volume

what is oliguria?

oliguria

would a dehydrated animal have polyuria or oliguria?

anuria

what is the medical term for no urination?

urethral obstruction, bladder obstruction

if the patient does not urinate at all (anuria), what are some probable causes?

difficult urination (painful or uncomfortable)

what is dysuria?

renal infarction, pelvis obstruction

what are causes of dysuria?

lack of blood flow to the kidney, leads to dysuria

what is renal infarction and what symptom does it cause?

painful and slow urination

what is stranguria?

prostatic problems

what is the common cause of stranguria?

right- ventral lumbar muscle (t13-L2)

left- more caudal than the right (L2-L4)

where do we explore the kidneys in a dog?

right kidney

which kidney is more cranial in dogs and cats?

cats- it is so palpable that we can mistake it with a foreign body or a tumor

in which species can we palpate the kidney more easily?

the kidney

what is the vet palpating?

the animal is standing in a way to help reduce pain

what is an antalgic posture?

-be gentle- it is at risk for rupture

-check for abdominal pain

-check the degree of distention

-can sometimes feel the cause of distention- clot, tumor, uroliths, etc

how do we palpate a distended bladder and what do we look for?

-blood clots

-uroliths

-urethral traumatism

-prostate problems

-torsions

-sphincter paralysis

-neoplasias

what are common causes of a distended bladder?

the bladder

what is being palpated?

yes

can a normal bladder be palpated?

no

can normal ureters be palpated?

-voided- collected during normal urination

-catheterization- removing urine with a catheter

-cystocentesis- placing a needle into the bladder through the abd. wall

what are the 3 methods of collecting a urine sample?

yes

can we perform an endoscopy of the urethra?

testicle inflammation

what is orchitis?

-size (asymmetry, increased size, decreased size)

-temperature

-pain

-inflammation

-edema

-skin

what must be observe about the scrotum?

testicle/scrotum- orchitis

what is inflamed? what is this condition called?

microorchidia

what is the medical term used to describe a decrease in size of 1 or both of the testicles?

increase in size of one or both of the testicles

what is macroorchidia?

-orchitis

-neoplasia

-hydroceles

-hematoceles

what might be the reason that a male animal's testicles are increased in size (macroorchida)?

one or both testicles have not descended all the way

what is cryptorchidism?

monorchidism

what is the word for the absence of one testicle?

absence of both testicles

what is anorchidism?

firm and elastic

what is the normal consistency of the testicle?

abscess, infection

if the testicle is softer than it should be, what might we think is this problem?

inflammation, degeneration, neoplasias

if the testicle is harder or more fibrous than it should be, what might we think is this problem?

-dermatological problems

-adherences

-hematomas

-abscesses

-neoplasias

-posthitis- inflammation

what are some possible problems we can see with the prepuce?

stenosis of the preputial orifice

what is phimosis?

paraphimosis

what is the word for the permanent exteriorization of the penis?

paraphimosis

this dog cannot return its prepuce to the normal position, covering the penis. what is this medical condition called?

a permanent erection

what is priapism?

priapism

this dog has a permanent erection- what is this condition called?

balanitis

this animal has a glans of the penis inflammation- what is the medical word for this condition?

another word for urination or voiding

what is micturition?

a distressing, often painful, and persistent feeling of the need to have a bowel movement or urinate, even when the rectum or bladder is empty

what is tenesmus?

benign prostatic hyperplasia- enlarged, but not cancerous prostate

what is BPH?

with a rectal exam

how can we examine the prostate?

-prostatitis

-BPH (benign prostatic hyperplasia)

-neoplasia

-abcess

what are common problems of the prostate?

-mucosa

-presence of adherences or wounds

-stenosis

-prolapse/hyperplasia/neoplasia

-secretions

what should we observe regarding the vulva?

prolapse of the vulva

what is the problem?

pyometra

what is this condition?

inflammation or hyperplasia of the mammary glands

what is the problem?

-size

-sensibility

-consistency

-temperature

what should we check regarding the mammary glands in a female patient?

neoplasia of the mammary glands

what is the problem?

vaginoscope/ vaginal speculum

what tool do we use to internally explore the vagina?