Chapter 22 Reproductive system

male sex cells

sperm

female sex cells

oocytes

meiosis 1

decides ro create haploid cells ( 1 set of chromosomes)

meiosis 2

sister chromatids from the haploid set are now 1 chromatid

functions of male reproductive system

develop and maintain sperm, transport sperm to outside of body, make male sex hormones

male primary sex organs

2 Testes ( gonads)

tunica albuginea ( testes structure)

tough fibrous capsule, enclosing each testis

lobules ( structure of testes)

250 compartments in testis, separated by connective tissue septa

seminiferous tubules ( structure of testes)

highly coiled in tubules inside lobules, lined with special stratified epithelium containing ( spermatogenic cells) gives rise to sperm cells

interstitial cells

lie between seminiferous tubules , produce and secrete male sex hormones

sustenacular cell

support and nourish sperm cells

sperm formation sequence

Spermatogonia → primary spermatocytes → secondary spermatocytes → spermatids → spermatozoa

meiosis

reduces the number of chromosomes in each cell by half

spermatogenesis

is the combined process of meiosis and spemiogenis.

spermiogeneis

the development of spermatids into sperm

head of sperm cells

has a nucleus with 23 chromosomes, the acrosome is the cap the covers the nucleus (has enzymes that aid in penetrating layers around oocyte during fertilization)

mid piece ( structure of sperm cell)

contains many mitochondria, which provide atp for swimming

tail ( structure of chromosomes)

contains many microtubulesenclosed in extension of cell membrane lashing movement propels the sperm towards the egg

male accessory organs

Epididymides.
Ductus deferentia.
Ejaculatory ducts.
Urethra.
Seminal vesicles.
Prostate gland.
Bulbourethral glands

epididymides

narrow tightly coiled tubes at the top of each testis , promotes maturation of sperm cells, runs between testis and ductus vas deferens

( lined with psuedostratified columnar epithelium with nonmotile cilia)

ductus deferentia

part of spermatic cord, extends from epididymis to ejaculatory duct

( lined with pseudo stratified columnar epithelium)

seminal vesicles

aka seminal glands ( secrete alkaline fluid with regulates pH in female tracts)

secrets fructose and prostaglandins

most volume of semen

prostate gland

surrounds proximal portion of urethra , secretes thin milk alkaline fluid , enhances sperm motility, contributes to volume of semen

prostate cancer

enlarged prostate

bulbourethral glands

secrete mucus like fluid, released due to sexual stimulation, lubricates end of penis

semen

contains secretions of accessory reproductive organs plus sperm

semen composition and properties

sperm cells, secretions of seminal vesicles, prostate glands and bulbourethral glands

male infertility

inability to fertilize and oocyte , caused by failure to testes to descend, inflammation, poor sperm, low sperm count

computer aided sperm analysis

used to evaluate male fertility, analyzes sperm count, sperm motility, size and shape of sperm parts

scrotum

pouch of skin and subcutaneous tissue, located behind penis (subcutaneous tissue lacks fat)

dartos muscle

smooth muscle in subcutaneous tissue, contracts and relaxes in response to change in temperature

penis

conveys urine and semen through urethra outside the body

glans penis

distal enlargement of corpus spongiosum

prepuce

covering glans penis removed during circumcision

erection

parasympathetic nerve impulses release nitric oxide which dilates arteries of penis , penis swells and elongates

orgasm

culmination of sexual stimulation ( dependent on sympathetic nerve impulses

emission

movement of semen into urethra

ejaculation

semen goes out of urethra

male reproductive functions

controlled by hormones secreted by hypothalamus anterior pituitary gland, testes

( the hormones help maintain production of sperm and help develop and maintain male secondary sex characteristics)

Gonadotropin releasing hormone

secreted by hypothalamus

LH and CSHq

causes the development of interstitial cells in testes, these cells secrete male sex hormones

FSH

stimulates sustenacular cells of testes to mature, proliferate and respond to testosterone

negative feedback

controls process and testosterone production

( androgens prevent too much GNRH and LH)

male sex hormones

androgens

testosterone

most important androgen

actions of testosterone

bigger muscles, facial hair increase, voice change, larger reproductive organs

primary female sex organs

ovaries

broad ligament ( ovaries)

largest ligament holds ovary in place, attached to uterine tubes and uterus

suspensory ligament

holds ovary at upper end

ovarian ligament

rounded, cord like thickening of broad ligament attaches lower end of ovary to uterus

ovary descent

come from mass tissue posterior to parietal peritoneum near developing kidney

ovarian medulla

has loose connective tissue and has blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, nerve fibers o

ovarian cortex

has compact tissue has granular appearance

prenatal development

oogonia divides by mitosis to produce more oogonia in fetal ovaries

what does oogonia develop into

primary oocytes

primidorial follicle

layer of flattened epithelia cells

oogenesis

egg cell fomation

zygote

fertilized egg

follicle maturation

takes 300 days to develop into mature astral follicle

ovulation

releases secondary oocyte and first polar body from mature astral follicle

uterine tubes

aka fallopian tubes, transports ovulated egg cell from ovary to uterus

uterus

sustains and develops embryo

vagina

conveys uterine secretions, passageway for birth , surrounds end of cervix

fornices

recesses between upper vaginal wall and cervix

vaginal orifice

partially enclosed by hymen, thin layer of connective tissue and stratified squamous epithelium

external female reproductive organs

labia majora, labia minora, clitoris, vestibular glands

labia majora

encloses and protects other external reproductive organs

labia minora

has lots of blood cellscl

clitoris

corresponds to male penis

vestibule

in between labia majora and minora, secretes mucus into vestibule during sexual stimulation

erection

response to sexual stimulation, nitric oxide dilates arteries in erectile tissue expanding vagina

lubrication

causes vestibular glands to secrete mucus into vestibule

organs

response to sexual stimulaton

GnRH

causes anterior pituitary to secrete FSH and LH

Estrogens and Progesterone

secreted by ovaries, adrenal cortices and placenta during pregnancy

estrogens

stimulate enlargement of accessory reproductive organs

progesterone

stimulate uterine changes during menstrual cycle, affects mammary glands, regulates secretion of gonadotropins

menstrual cycle

regular changes of uterus

menarche

first reproductive cycle

corpus luteum

remnants of a follicle that closes up

corpus albicans

oocyte denigrates and menstrution occurs

infertility

inability to conceive a child after a year of trying

anovluation ( infertility)

hypersecretion of FSH and LH from anterior pituitary, lack of ovulation

endometriosis

endometrial tissue grows in abdominal cavity, fibrous occurs ( can encase or obstruct uterine tubes)

infections

can obstruct uterine tube, cause production of viscous mucus that prevents sore from entering uterine tube

menopause

stopping of menstrual cycle m

Mary glands

secrete milk to nourish a child

breast cancer symptoms

thickened tissue, change in nipper contour, nipple shape change

birth control

voluntary regulation of number of offspring produced and the time they are conceived

contraception

avoid fertilization following sexual intercourse or prevent implantation

coitus interruptus ( birth control methods)

practicing pulling out so that semen does not enter vagina

rhythm method

no intercourse 2 days before and one day after ovulationm

mechanical barriers

prevent sperm from entering female tract during sexual intercourse

chemical barriers

spermicides in form of creams, foams and jellies

birth control

voluntary regulation of number of offspring produced

contraception

avoid fertilization following sexual intercourse

combined hormonal contraceptives

deliver estrogen and progesterone to prevent pregnancy, disrupt normal FSH and LH secretion

STIs

pain in lower abdomen, fever or swollen glands, discharge from penis or vagina, itchiness, soreness

PID

complication associated with gonorhea or chlamydia, bacteria enter vagina and spread to reproductive organs can scar uterine tubes