Chapter 5 AP World History

Seven Years War 1756-1763

England vs. France
England wins India and midwest territories in the US
Both countries raised taxes

The Englightenment

liberal movement that applied Scientific Revolution to everyday life; most philosophers were French

John Locke

most influential to Revolutions/Declarations; believed people are born good, have natural rights, limited government, citizens have duty to overthrow bad governments

Jean Jacques Rousseau

believed in minimum government control, collective good, hated oppression, valued the majority

Thomas Hobbes

not as liberal; wrote Leviathan; believed in social order because people were born bad

Montesquieu

believed in division of government powers

Voltaire

inspired 1st Amendment: freedom of religion, speech, and press; was against monarchy, brought ideas from China

despots

Catherine the Great of Russia & Frederick of Prussia; patronized the Enlightenment

Benjamin Franklin

believed in earning opportunity through merit not heredity

English colonial problems post-1763

conflict with Natives over fur trade / taxation without representation / Proclamation of 1763 & Quebec Act 1774

new colonial taxes

Stamp Act: on everyday products
Townshend Act: on goods from Europe used in small businesses
Tea tax: East Indian Company had monopoly on Indian tea

Sons of Liberty

at front of protests against British

Boston Massacre 1770

colonial propaganda against the British; 5 civilians killed by British soldiers

"Common Sense"

written by Thomas Paine to spur revolution among colonists

Intolerable Acts

punishment for NE colonies after Boston Tea Party.
1- Boston harbor shut down/regulated by British
2- Marshall law (British military runs government)

Continental Congress

1775; formed army with General Washington; tried to implement colonial currency

loyalists

supported by slaves & Amerindians

American allies

France (navy, training, resources)
Spain & Netherlands (weapons)

Battle of Yorktown

1778, Washington defeats Cornwallis

Treaty of Paris 1783

officially ended the American Revolution, Britain recognized US as independent

Articles of Confederation

aimed at keeping national government weak, short term president, no taxes; accomplished nothing

Constitutional Convention 1787

formed new and improved US Constitution: taxes, majority vote, centralized

Estates General

First Estate: clergy
Second Estate: nobles
Third Estate: peasants, merchants, artisans, bourgeoisie 98% of population

National Assembly

collectively unifies Third Estate, wrote up Declaration of Rights of Man, was called for arrest

"French disease"

Austria and Prussia threatened to interfere in French Revolution, National Assembly declared war on them in 1971

Storming of Bastille

July 14, 1789:
beginning of French Revolution

guillotine

"humane" execution method, symbol of violent French revolution

The Terror

1793-1794: Robespierre's ruthless, bloody, dictatorial rule of the French Revolution

National Convention

radical liberal group (Jacobins & Girondists & more extreme Mountain faction), hated the Church

Maximilien Robespierre

leader of National Convention Mountain faction; executed anyone who supported monarchy, eventually arrested and executed

The Directory

5 man group elected after The Terror; got nothing done

Napoleon Bonaparte

popular authoritarianism; limited Church; liberal reforms; forced French culture upon conquered people; repressed women & freedoms of speech/press

Gens de Couler

free colored people in Haiti who led Haitian Revolution

Saint Dominique

free colored people in Haiti who led Haitian Revolution

Toussaint Louverture

led Haitian Revolution, was imprisoned in France

Haitian Revolution

1794 -1804

American Revolution

1776 - 1783

French Revolution

1789 - 1792

Congress of Vienna

Napoleon's enemies (Britain, Russia, Prussia, and Austria) meet up to reestablish monarchy and conservatism,
results in Holy Alliance that represses liberalism/nationalism in Spain & Italy

Greek independence

from Ottomans in 1830s

War of 1812

US declares war on England after they kidnap American shipmen as impressment to blockade France;
US is forced to industralize, ends up winning

Corn Laws

50% tax on corn in Britain, gets people to vote indirectly

Revolutions of 1848

all across continental Europe, including second French Revolution (monarchy overthrown forever)

industrializing European nations by 1850

all across continental Europe, including second French Revolution (monarchy overthrown forever)

5 innovations that led to industrial economy

mass production (division of labor), mechanization, iron manufacturing, steam engine, electric telegraph

Chartism

led by Lovett and O'Connor; appealed to miners/industrial workers; left a legacy but was rejected

Muhammad Ali

driving force of Egyptian industrialization, built up Egyptian economy/military, ordered peasants to grow cotton

Why did imperial countries fuel the Industrial Revolution?

They were more advanced and had lots of resources.

causes of the Industrial Revolution

1- population growth
2- agricultural revolution
3- trade/inventiveness
4- england

Technological Revolution

mass production (pottery),
mechanization (cotton industry),
iron industry (cheap),
steam engine (most revolutionary invention, allowed deeper travel),
railroads (triggered coal industry)

Latin American Revolution

1810-1825; started by creole elites who feared lower classes taking control; inspired by Napoleon and Enlightenment

Laissez-faire

economic system supported by Adam Smith (father of economics) where the government has no intervention in the economy and it is self regulated by the people

Positvists

utopian socialists; Robert Owen

Simon Bolivar

led Venezuela's independence, inspired others, was a smart, military elite, led by force/charisma to gain mulattoes/slaves/natives as allies, promised them gains but lied

Jose de San Martin

led Southern Liberation Forces

Gran Columbia

formed in 1824; confederation of newly independent Latin American states

Mexican Independence

1810-1823; was Spain's richest colony; priests Hidalgo & Morelos led violent rebellions and were crushed by loyalists; second rebellion by Agustin de Iturbide won independence in 1821

Brasilian Independence

King John VI ruled in Brazil until 1821; Pedro stayed in Brazil and declared himself king with an independent constitutional monarchy, his liberal policies made him unpopular, he abdicated in favor of his son who reigned till 1889

power turnovers in Latin America

had no experience with constitutionalism unlike US and Canada; had bad influences from Napoleon

Personalist leader

US Civil War

1860-1865; example of regionalism in the US

European intervention in Latin America

mostly successful; Spanish American War 1898, US gained Cuba, PR, DR, Guam, Philippines); US annexes Texas; French invasion of Mexico

US abolishes slavery

1865- 13th Amendment

Brazil abolishes slavery

1888

Cuba abolishes slavery

1886

Puerto Rico abolishes slavery

1873

Russia abolishes slavery

1861

American immigration

as slave trade ends, immigration from Europe and Asia to the Americas increased

Feminist movement

second half of 19th century, women's rights progressed slowly, Western countries; only upperclass women were politically active

neocolonialism

nonindustrialized nation depends on industrialized nation economically, is only politically independent

sphere of influence

intimidation is used to influence another country's decisions

protectorate

native leader appointed, dominant government has influence, indirect rule

colony annex

colonizing directly, often violently

crown jewel of Britain

India (cotton, tea, spices, gold, rice, etc)

nawabs

independent de facto rulers of regions of India after Mughal Empire fell

Company Men

from the British East India Company; est. trading posts and hired sepoys for protection; pushed out French and forced the Mughal to recognize them as "Bombay Presidency"

sepoys

Indian soldiers hired by English men

raj

the British Company's rule of India; administrative/social reform placed less emphasis on caste, aculturation, Christianity; supported Indian customs through superficial parades

Before 1850s...

the English created a government that relied on sepoy military that disarmed Indian warriors, protected Christian missionaries.English's private lands, endorsed "traditional" rituals

Indian elites

benefited from British political and economic influence while poor was oppressed

Indian textile industry

collapsed due to competition with British industrialization

Sepoy Rebellion 1857

Sepoys revolt against British; was a severe shock to British; British government now assumes control of India

causes of Sepoy Rebellion

animal fat greased bullet casings were against religion; forced to travel to places outside caste restrictions; sati abolished and divorce allowed

British control of India

London in control; Indian princes kept in luxury to appease people; Durbar (fake ceremonies of Indian culture)

Indian Civil Service

for bureaucrats (Indian & British), only British had highest status

expanding production in India

British empire's money led to agricultural commodities, irrigation systems, railroads, and telegraphs, but DOES NOT INDUSTRIALIZE INDIA AS A WHOLE, only does this to benefit themselves. spread of cholera also leads to new sewage systems

Pan Indian nationalism

embracing Indian pride and some British culture

Rammouhan Roy and the Brahmo Smaj movement

Western secular values to replace caste, reforms traditional abuses of women to remove sati, Western nationalism that transcends religious differences

First Indian National Congress 1885

national/Hindu unity, service to community/education, mostly members of high castes, overall gained no widespread Indian support

Cape Colony

valuable because of strategic importance as supply station and resources en route to India

Afrikaners

people of white descent in South Africa (French/Dutch)

Great Trek

1836 and 1839 to find new colonies on fertile high veld that had been depopulated by Zulu Wars

Southeast Asia

Singapore, Assam & Burma annexed in 1820s

British interest in

trade, not territory

Australia

first sighted by Portuguese in 17th cent., colonized by English; Aborigines and Maori died off mostly; was a penal colony

Gold in Australia

found in 1851, rush of migrants

migrations

Indian, Chinese, African, Japanese migrated to British colonies, Cuba, and Hawaii; working in sugar production

indentured servants

lower quality lives than British emigrants

Shaka

gave Zulu new national identity

West Africa

slavery still existed, purified Islam & jihad; largest states in Hausa (Sokoto Caliphate); more learning centers; less rights for women as slaves take their jobs