Macromolecules

carbohydrates, lipds, protein, and nucleic acids

Large organic molecules are called? and they are composed of ?

Macromolecules are composed of monomers

What are the four major biological macromolecules?

Carbohydrates, lipids, Proteins, and Nucleotides

The process by which monomers combine to form polymers, producing and H20 molecule, is called ?

Dehydration Synthesis

The process by which an H20 molecule is used to break polymer linkages is called?

Hydrolysis

What is the function of carbohydrates?

Energy storage and structural molecules

What are the monomer, polymer, and linkage type of carbohydrates?

Monomer: Monosaccharide

Polymer: Polysaccharide

Linkage: Glycosidic bonds. Can be alpha or beta

What are the two types of alpha glucose polymers?

1) Starch: stores energy in plants

2) Glycogen: Stores energy in animals

What are the two beta-glucose polymers with NO branching?

1) Cellulose: Structural molecule in plant cell walls

2) Chitin: Structural molecule in fungi cell walls and arthropods’ exoskeletons. It contains nitrogen atoms.

Can humans cleave beta glycosidic linkages?

No! Only animals that have bacteria in their gut (Cows)

What macromolecule is nonpolar and hydrophobic?

Lipids

What are the functions of lipids?

Insulation, energy storage, cell structure, endocrine molecules, and membrane structure

What are the monomer, polymer, and linkage type for Lipids?

Monomer: Hydrocarbons

Polymer: Hydrocarbon chains (*lipids are not true polymers because they lack repeating monomer units* )

Linkage Type: Covalent carbon-carbon bonds

No double bonds (form straight chains), they are stacked densely and form fat plaques → less healthy , what is the name of this triglyceride?

Saturated

Contains double bonds (branched structure) Do not form fat plaques → more healthy, what is the name of this triglyceride?

Unsaturated

Four joined hydrocarbon rings. Consists of cholesterol, vitamin D, and bile acids. What is the name of the lipid?

Steroids

4 joined pyrrole rings with a centrl metal atom. What is this lipid called?

Porphyrins

What occurs in cold temperatures for lipids?

Cells add cholesterol and unsaturated acids to the cell membrane to prevent excess membrane stiffness

What happens to lipids in hot temperatures?

Cells add cholesterol and saturated fatty acids to the cell membrane to prevent membrane fluidity

What prevents excess membrane fluidity and rigidity?

Cholesterol

What is the function of proteins?

Structural molecules, storage, transport, immunity, hormones, enzymes, signaling, motor function, fluid balance, channels, and pumps

What are the monomer, polymer, and linkage types for proteins?

Monomer: Amino acids

Polymer: Peptide

Linkage Type: Peptide bonds

Linear sequence of amino acids connected by peptide bonds; determined by the sequence of translated mRNA codons. What protein structure is this?

Primary

3D shape resulting from hydrogen bonding between amino and carboxyl groups of adjacent amino acids ( includes alpha and beta sheet ). What protein structure is this?

Secondary

3D structure due to interactions between amino acid R groups. Interactions include: H-bonds, ionic bonds, hydrophobic effect, disulfide bonds, and van der waals forces, What protin structure is this?

Tertiary

3D structure that arises from multiple protein subunits joining together. What protein structure is this?

Quaternary

What macromolecule has disulfide bonds only?

Proteins

What are 5 denaturation agents?

1) Temperature

2) pH

3) Change in salt

4) UV light

5) Chemicals

What is the function of Nucleic acids?

Store, transmit, and express the genetic material of cells

What are the monomer, polymer, and linkage type of Nucleic acids?

Monomer: Nucleotide

Polymer: Nucleic acid (DNA & RNA)

Linkage type: Phosphodiester bond

Nucleotides are made up of ?

Nitrogen base, five-carbon sugar, and phosphate group

Nucleotides with double-ring nitrogen bases. Are called what?

Purines and the nitrogen bases are adenine and guanine

Nucleotides with single ring nitrogen bases. What are they called?

Pyrimidines and the nitrogen bases are cytosine, uracil, and thymine.

A-T base pairs are held by H-bonds and G-C base pairs are held together by H-bonds?

2 and 3

What is Chargaff’s rule?

The number of purines is always equal to the number of pyrimidines. A=T and C=G

What makes RNA more reactive than DNA?

The extra -OH group

Glucose+ Fructose =

Sucrose

Glucose+ Galactose=

Lactose

Glucose+Glucose=

Maltose