GR 9 SCIENCE FLASHCARDS

1ST QUARTER FLASHCARDS

1ST QUARTER FLASHCARDS

This body system allows gas exchange; it brings oxygen into the body and expels carbon dioxide.

The Respiratory System

Part of the human brain that regulates the breathing rate of a person through the respiratory center located

Medulla Oblongata

Name the vital parts of the upper respiratory tract

Nostrils, nasal cavities, pharynx, and larynx

Name the vital parts of the lower respiratory tract

Trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, and alveoli

The hair inside the nose that filters air by trapping dust particles in them

Cilia / Coarse hairs

The common passageway for food and air

Pharynx (Throat)

The flappy tissue that closes the entrance to the rest of the respiratory system when you swallow

Epiglottis

The main passageway of air to the lungs; one of the passageways of the pharynx

Trachea (Windpipe)

Located atop the trachea; contains two elastic ligaments called vocal cords that produce vibrations

Larynx (Voicebox)

The several curved pieces of cartilage supporting the larynx

Thyroid Cartilage (Adam’s apple)

The sponge-like organs located in the chest cavity; the main organs of the respiratory system

The Lungs

The dome shaped muscle that aids in respiration; contracts when breathing

Diaphragm

The sections that divide the lungs

Lobes

Two layers of membrane that surround the lungs; closed sacs filled with fluid

Pleura

Two connecting tubes from the trachea leading to the two individual lungs

Bronchi

The smaller, divided versions of Bronchi found inside the lungs

Bronchioles

Small air sacs that inflate or deflate depending on inhaling or exhaling; found at the end of each bronchiole

Alveoli (Air sacs)

A network of tiny blood vessels that surround the alveoli

Capillaries

Gas exchange; the physical action of taking air in and out of the body (inspiration and expiration/inhalation and exhalation)

Breathing / Ventilation

Gas exchange; the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the air and the blood in the lungs

External Respiration

Gas exchange; the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the blood and the body cells

Internal Respiration

Gas exchange; the process of using oxygen to break down sugar (glucose) in food and producing energy (ATP)

Cellular Respiration

An infection caused by a viral infection called the rhinovirus; does not have a cure, but can be relieved by resting and drinking lots of water

Common Cold

An infection caused by several viruses called myxovirus; treatment includes vaccination and antiviral drugs

Influenza

Refers to any infection of the lungs caused by bacteria, viruses, fungi, or protozoa; treatment includes taking all doctor-prescribed medications

Pneumonia

Caused by the bacteria Mycobacterium Tuberculosis, requiring prolonged exposure to become infected; treatment includes taking prescribed antibiotics

Tuberculosis

A chronic allergic condition that makes the breathing airways narrower and swollen; can be relieved by eliminating a triggering agent

Asthma

The inflammation/swelling, and clogging of breathing passages due to mucus; acute condition can be treated and eased with proper rest and drinking fluids

Bronchitis

A long-term disease of the lungs caused by prolonged exposure to respiratory irritants that damages the alveoli and breathing passageways

Emphysema

Associated with emphysema, asthma, & chronic bronchitis; curing is impossible once emphysema sets in

COPD: Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

Triggered by long-term exposure to carcinogens; these chemicals can cause the growth of tumors; treatments include surgical removal of the damaged part, chemotherapy, and radiation

Lung Cancer

This body system is responsible for transporting nutrients, oxygen, and waste products within the body

Circulatory System

The muscular organ located in the center of your chest; pumps blood through the blood vessels

The Heart

A protective sac that encloses the heart

Pericardium

The two upper chambers of the heart

Right and left Atria

The two lower chambers of the heart

Right and left Ventricles

The wall of tissue that divides the heart in half

Septum

Name the four main valves that regulate blood flow in the heart

Tricuspid valve
Pulmonary valve
Mitral valve
Aortic valve

Name the full process of blood flow in the heart

Vena Cava → Right Atrium →  Right Ventricle → Pulmonary Artery → Lungs → Pulmonary Veins → Left Atrium → Left Ventricle → Aorta → The body

A fluid tissue also known as the river of life; consists of a fluid where cells and platelets are suspended

Blood

A pale yellowish liquid that is about 92% water

Plasma

Also called erythrocytes; hemoglobin makes them red and carry oxygen throughout the body

Red Blood Cells

Also called leukocytes; protects the body from diseases

White Blood Cells

Type of WBC that combats bacterial and fungal infections

Neutrophil

Type of WBC that defends against parasitic infections

Eosinophil

Type of WBC that functions during allergic and antigen reactions.

Basophil

Also called thrombocytes; fragments of cytoplasm with a nucleus from large bone marrow cells; play a part in the clotting of blood

Platelets

Blood vessels that move away from the heart; carries oxyenated blood

Arteries

Blood vessels that move blood with wastes toward the heart; carries deoxygenated blood

Veins

Small blood vessels that connect arteries and veins; allow oxygen and nutrients to diffuse through cell walls and into body cells

Capillaries

What is the difference between Genetics and Heredity?

Genetics is a branch of biology that studies hereditary information, while heredity is the transmission of characteristics from parents to their offspring

Division of Genetics; reviews the basic laws of inheritance described by Gregor Mendel

Mendelian Genetics

Division of Genetics; deals with the chemical nature of genes, the mechanism of transmission, and their varied applications

Molecular Genetics

Division of Genetics; focuses on the behavior of a particular gene in a group of organisms

Population Genetics

The differences among individuals belonging to the same species

Variations

The father of genetics, who described the basic laws of inheritance; he first presented his work on pea plants

Gregor Mendel

Contrasting expressions or alternate forms of a trait

Allele

Traits that are observed in every generation

Dominant Traits

Traits that have skipped a few generations yet will possibly appear in future generations

Recessive Traits

The form of the gene that is responsible for the observed trait

Genotype

The observable expressions of the trait

Phenotype

A condition in which two similar alleles are present

Homozygosity

A condition in which two different alleles are present

Heterozygosity

When dominant traits are expressed at the same time, producing a third phenotype 

Codominance

A pattern of inheritance where an intermediate phenotype other than the two parental phenotypes is observed

Incomplete Dominance

A trait that is manifesting only in one sex for physiological or anatomical reasons

Sex-limited Traits

Manifest only in one trait for physiological or anatomical reasons

Sex-linked Traits

Traits influenced by the presence of male and female sex hormones

Sex-influenced Traits

A diagram made of grids used to predict the outcome traits of two parents; each square is represented as 25% of an outcome

Punnett Square

A family tree visual representation of a family's genetic history, showing how traits or genetic conditions are passed down through generations

Pedigree Chart

3RD QUARTER FLASHCARDS

3RD QUARTER FLASHCARDS

An elevated landform with an opening at the top called a crater through which lava and other rock fragments, steam, gases, ash, heat, and other volcanic materials are ejected

Volcano

part of a volcano; underground compartment where magma is stored

Magma Chamber

part of a volcano; passageway through which magma travels to reach the Earth’s surface

Conduit

part of a volcano; opening through which volcanic materials are released

Vent

part of a volcano; bowl-shaped depression at the top of the volcano where the vent is located

Crater

part of a volcano; elongated fracture or crack on Earth’s crust from which lava erupts

Fissure

the side of a volcano

Flank

type of volcano; formed by highly viscous or thick, slow-moving lava; composite cone volcano; steep upper slopes and relaxed lower slopes with a large reservoir of magma; the most dangerous volcanoes

Stratovolcano

Give atleast 3 examples of stratovolcanoes

Mayon Volcano, Mt. Pinatubo, Mt. Kilimanjaro, Mt. Vesuvius, Mt. Fujiyama, etc.

type of volcano; formed by loose and fluid lava over layers of solidified lava from previous eruptions; low and broad; lava does not shoot high in the air, it instead flows and runs down the flank and spreads, increasing the size of the volcano

Shield volcano

Give atleast 3 examples of shield volcanoes

Kilauea, Mauna Kea, Mauna Loa, etc.

type of volcano; formed when pressure builds up in the magma chamber, ejecting fluid lava into the air; scoria cone; as the lava falls down, it cools and forms small solid fragments which fall around the volcano’s vent, forming a cinder cone

Cinder cones

Give atleast 3 examples of cinder cones 

Paricutin, Mojave volcano, Cerro Negro, Mt. Fox, etc.

least violent type of eruption; consists of highly fluid or runny lava flowing out of a volcano’s vents; Hawaiian eruptions lead to the formation of shield volcanoes

Hawaiian eruption

violent and marked by a continuous ejection of magma and gas; results in the formation of volcanic bombs and cinder cones

Strombolian eruption

viscous magma flows out of a volcano’s vent, accompanied by a dense cloud of ash and gases that rises high into the atmosphere

Vulcanian eruption

most violent and explosive type of eruption; caused by the buildup of viscous magma and dissolved gas; large ash columns and fast-flowing pyroclastic flows, and lahars

Plinian eruption