Studied by 2 people
state the stages of mitosis
interphase
prophase
metaphase
anaphase
telophase
cytokinesis
state what mitosis is required for
growth
repair
asexual reproduction
explain what happens in interphase
before mitosis
nucleic DNA copies itself
exactly
explain what happens in prophase
DNA condenses
chromosomes become visible
nuclear membrane breaks down
explain what happens in metaphase
chromosomes line up
in the middle of the cell
explain what happens in anaphase
spindle fibres
split the the chromosomes down the centre
pull on chromatid to either side of the cell
explain what happens in telophase
new membranes form around the chromosomes
at either side of the cell
explain what happens in cytokinesis
cell cytoplasm and membrane divides
to produce two genetically-identical daughter cells
each new cell has a copy of each of the chromosomes
state the definition of growth
permanent increase
in size or mass
explain how mitosis is important in growth
mitosis increases the amount of cells in the organism
by producing two genetically-identical daughter cells
increasing the amount of cells increases the mass of the organism
causing growth
explain how mitosis is important in repair
mitosis produces genetically-identical daughter cells
which are used to replace
old or damaged cells
explain how mitosis is important in asexual reproduction
mitosis produced genetically-identical daughter cells
this asexually reproduces genetic clones of the parent organism
state the definition of mitosis
production of two daughter cells
with identical sets of chromosomes in the nucleus to the parent cell
resulting in two genetically-identical diploid daughter cells
state the definition of a cancer
the result of changes to in cells
that lead to uncontrolled cell division
state what is needed for growth in animals
cell division
cell differentiation
state what is needed for growth in plants
cell division
cell elongation
cell differentiation
state what a specialised cell is
cells that contain structural adaptations
which enable them to perform
specific functions
within the organism
explain the importance of cell differentiation in the development of specialised cells
active genes in cells determine cell function
when the cell differentiates, the active genes cause
the development and composition
of sub-cellular structures
explain how to use percentile charts to monitor growth
find the child’s age on the x-axis
find the child’s weight on the y-axis
read across and up the growth chart lines
to find the intersection point
state what issues growth charts can find
obesity
malnutrition
sudden changes in trend
inconsistencies across different measurements
state the disadvantages of growth charts
use historical data to create a growth chart
historical events may have caused trends or differences in the data (e.g. global famine)
don’t take into account ethnic differences in body composition and growth rates
describe the function of embryonic stem cells
help to form
all different tissues and organs
needed for development
to form a whole new individual
can also differentiate to become any other type of body cell
describe the function of adult stem cells
replace cells lost through damage
produce new cells for growth
describe the function of meristem cells
