CH12 (Part 2) - Urinalysis

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What elements are examined during urine’s chemical examination? (9)

What elements are examined during urine’s chemical examination? (9)

1. pH

2. Blood

3. Protein

4. Nitrate

5. Leukocyte esterase

6. Glucose

7. Ketones

8. Bilirubin

9. Urobilinogen

In chemical examination, what is the use of a pH pad?

It determines the acidity or purity of a sample.

In chemical examination, what will the random pH of an individual fall between?

4.5 - 8

What is the average pH of an individual?

~6

What is Hematuria?

The presence of intact RBCs in urine sample

What is Hemoglobinuria?

The presence of free hemoglobin in urine sample

In chemical examination, what status should protein be in a healthy individual’s urine sample?

Negative.

What are three sources of protein in regards to urine sampling?

1. Pre-renal origin - blood

2. Renal origin - damages kidneys

3. Post-renal - ureters or bladder

In chemical examination, what are nitrite and leukocyte reactions used for?

Screening of UTI (Urinary Tract Infection)

In chemical examination, what is glucose and ketone tested for? (This should be tested negative.)

Screening for presence of diabetes

In chemical examination, how many Ehrlich units should be present when testing urobilinogen?

1 Ehrlich unit

In chemical examination, how many Ehrlich units should be present when testing bilirubin?

1 negative Ehrlich unit

What instrument is used during microscopic examination?

Bright field microscope

What are the three objectives (not tasks) in using a bright field microscope?

1. Low Power Objective

2. High Power Objective

3. Oil Immersion Objective

In microscopic examination, what is viewed in the Low Power Objective?

• Casts viewed

• Formed in the distal convoluted tubule

• Due to urinary stasis

• Protein that surrounds the casts Tamm-Horsfall protein

In microscopic examination, what is viewed in the High Power Objective?

• RBCs and WBCs viewed

• Bacilli (elongated), cocci, coccobacilli viewed

What are RTE cells?

• Formed in either proximal or distal convoluted tubule

• Pathologic in nature, patient suffers

What is the nature of TEC and SEC cells?

Both are non-pathological in nature; unless excess

In microscopic examination, what is confused for RBCs?

Yeasts. The presence of bonding indicates its presence.

In microscopic examination, at what objective can yeasts be viewed?

High Power Objective.

In microscopic examination, at what objective can crystals be viewed?

Low Power Objective.

In microscopic examination, crystals vary under different __ of urine sample.

pH

What is the shape and nature of crystals with calcium oxalate?

star-shaped, formed under acidic, non-pathological

What is the shape of crystals with ammonium biurate and under neutral pH?

Thorny apples

What other body fluids are tested? (6)

1. Cerebrospinal fluid

2. Semen

3. Amniotic fluid

4. Synovial fluid

5. Serous fluids

6. Sputum and Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL)

What is done in semen analysis?

• Motility - graded

• Count - sufficient or not

• Morphology - fertility testing; double head, giant head, crooked tail, double tail, etc.

What is amniotic fluid, and what is it tested for?

• Fluid that surrounds the fetus

• Used to detect fatal lung maturity

What is synovial fluid?

Fluid that surrounds the joints

What are serous fluids?

Fluids that resemble serum.

There isn’t much in the body unless indicated by infections.