Race/ethnicity/nationality

Race

Socially constructed categories based on physical traits

Ethnicity

Shared culture, language, traditions

Nationality

Citizenship in a country

Prejudice

Negative attitudes or beliefs about a group.

Discrimination

Unequal treatment or actions toward a group.

Stereotype

Oversimplified, generalized belief about a group.

De Jure Segregation

Segregation by law.

De Facto Segregation

Segregation by social patterns, not laws.

Institutional Discrimination

Discrimination embedded in laws, policies, or institutions.

Apartheid

A system of legal racial segregation in South Africa (ended in 1994).

Jim Crow Laws

U.S. laws enforcing racial segregation (late 1800s–1960s).

Minority Group - Characteristics

• Unequal treatment

• Distinguishable traits

• Involuntary membership

• Awareness of subordination

• Strong group identity
  

Racism

Belief that one race is superior to others.

Racial Profiling

Targeting individuals based on race rather than behavior.

Affirmative Action

What it is: Policies to increase opportunities for historically disadvantaged groups
Why it exists: To reduce past and present discrimination
Drawbacks: Claims of reverse discrimination, fairness concerns

Self-Fulfilling Prophecy

A belief that leads to behavior that makes the belief come true.

Mongoloid

Historically used to describe people from East Asia and parts of Central Asia

Caucasoid

Historically used to describe people of European, Middle Eastern, and North African descent

Negroid

Historically used to describe people of African descent