World History Chapter 18 BJU 5th ed

Industrial Revolution

a period in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries when powered machines replaced hand tools, the factory system developed, and industrial production expanded (beginning in Great Britain, especially in textiles)

Jethro Tull

inventor of the seed “drill” (planter) that helped farmers plant more efficiently, increase crop yields, and reduce wasted seed

Charles Townshend

agricultural reformer who developed a new system of crop rotation to improve farming productivity

John Kay

inventor of the “flying shuttle” (1733), which allowed weavers to work faster and weave wider cloth

James Hargreaves

inventor of the spinning jenny (1769), a machine that could spin multiple threads at one time

Richard Arkwright

inventor of a water-powered spinning frame and builder of special factories for it; often called the Father of the Industrial Revolution

Samuel Crompton

inventor of the spinning mule (1779), a larger spinning machine that increased thread production

Eli Whitney

American inventor of the cotton gin (1793), which greatly sped up separating cotton fibers from seeds

Henry Cort

inventor of an iron “puddling” process (1784) that stirred molten iron to remove impurities

Henry Bessemer

developer of a process that blew air through molten iron to remove impurities and helped produce steel by adding carbon and other metals

James Watt

designed the first practical and efficient steam engine (1769) by improving earlier models to power heavy machinery

John McAdam

devised a road-building method used to improve many British roads (by 1788 Britain had extensive road mileage built with his method)

Robert Fulton

American who successfully operated a commercial steamboat by putting a steam engine in a ship

Orville and Wilbur Wright

brothers who made the first successful airplane flight (1903) at Kitty Hawk, North Carolina

Henry Ford

began production of the Model T (1908) and used mass-production methods such as the assembly line

William Wilberforce

Christian leader of the British antislavery movement who campaigned against the slave trade; Parliament abolished slavery in the British Empire shortly after his death in 1833

Reform Bill of 1832

a British law that reorganized voting requirements by lowering property qualifications and expanding the electorate

Chartism

British reform movement that called for universal manhood suffrage, the secret ballot, equal electoral districts, pay for members of Parliament, no property qualifications for MPs, and annual elections to Parliament

Benjamin Disraeli

Tory (Conservative) prime minister who supported reform expanding voting and helped Britain’s trade dominance by purchasing 44 percent of Suez Canal shares for Britain

William Gladstone

Liberal prime minister who emphasized domestic reforms, established voting by secret ballot, extended suffrage to rural communities (1884), and faced the “Irish Question”

Adam Smith

author of Wealth of Nations (1776) who attacked mercantilism and argued for free trade and limited government interference in the economy

laissez faire

a hands-off policy in which government does not interfere in business and trade but provides a favorable climate for business activity

socialism

government ownership of the means of production and distribution of goods for the presumed welfare of society (a worldview that affects more than economics)

Robert Owen

utopian socialist and textile manufacturer who created a worker community at his mill in Scotland and later founded a community at New Harmony, Indiana

Karl Marx

socialist thinker who taught that economic forces shape history, history is class struggle, and revolution would lead toward communism; wrote Das Kapital and (with Engels) the Communist Manifesto

Friedrich Engels

lifelong friend and collaborator of Karl Marx; co-author of the Communist Manifesto

proletariat

the workers in a Marxist society

bourgeoisie

middle-class property owners, capitalists, and industrialists (factory owners) in Marxist theory

Robert Raikes

founder of the Sunday school movement that taught poor working-class children about Jesus as well as reading and writing

George Mueller

Christian leader known for founding major orphanages in Bristol, England

William Booth

founder of the Salvation Army, a Christian ministry with worldwide impact

Dwight L. Moody

evangelist whose revivals led to increased Christian activity; taught that society improves when people experience true conversion

Charles Darwin

scientist who laid the foundation for modern biological evolution; wrote On the Origin of Species (1859) and The Descent of Man (1871)

John Dalton

formulator of atomic theory who proposed that each element is made of atoms distinct from those of other elements

Dmitri Mendeleev

Russian chemist who organized elements in a periodic chart according to atomic masses

Wilhelm Roentgen

German physicist who accidentally discovered x-rays while working with vacuum tubes

Pierre and Marie Curie

scientists who discovered two new elements in pitchblende (uranium ore) and advanced research into radioactivity

Albert Einstein

scientist who explained the relationship between matter and energy (E = mc²) and developed the theory of relativity

realism

an artistic style that sought to portray life as it really was

Charles Dickens

English realist novelist and social critic who exposed injustice by portraying industrial slums and debtors’ prisons

Thomas Hardy

British novelist and poet who portrayed man as struggling against impersonal forces beyond his control

Samuel Clemens

American writer known as Mark Twain who used humor while presenting a realistic, often pessimistic view of life

Leo Tolstoy

Russian novelist who realistically described life in Russia, including during the Napoleonic Wars

impressionism

nineteenth-century French art style that emphasized light and color and used short, choppy brush strokes rather than detailed realism

Auguste Renoir

French impressionist painter; one of the most famous impressionists

Claude Monet

French impressionist painter; known for works emphasizing light and color

Paul Cézanne

postimpressionist painter who emphasized universal themes and clearer outlines; his geometric emphasis made him a forerunner of cubism

Vincent van Gogh

postimpressionist painter who emphasized expressive distortion; his style made him a forerunner of expressionism