Biology Topic 1- Carbohydrates

What chemicals do carbohydrates contain?

Carbon Hydrogen and oxygen

What are the two base units that make up Lipids?

Glycerol and 3 fatty acids

What is an Isomer?

molecules that have the same molecular formula but a different arrangement of atoms in space

Name 3 examples of polysaccharides

Glycogen

Cellulose

Starch

Name 3 examples of monosaccharides

Glucose galactose and fructose

Give 3 examples of disaccharides

Maltose Sucrose Lactose

What is the result of a benedicts solution?

Clear Blue liquid

What is the benedicts test used to test? Give two examples!

Reducing and non-reducing sugars.

What type of sugar is glucose?

A Hexose sugar

With condensation, When galactose and glucose bond, what does it make?

Lactose

Name a non reducing sugar.

Sucrose

Verbascose

Trehalose

how many bonds can a molecule of glucose make

6

if starch is present what colour change is seen in an iodine test?

blue-black

What do you use to test for starch?

Iodine

Where is starch primarily stored in plants?

The seeds

What is starch the storage form of in plants

Sugar

What makes the structure of glycogen good for its function as an energy storage molecule in humans?

It has a compact and highly branched structure.

What is the major component of cell walls in plants.

Cellulose

is cellulose a monosaccharide or a polysaccharide?

Polysaccharide

Cellulose is a long chain of what type of glucose?

Beta-Glucose

Are microfibrils weak or strong fibres

Strong fibres

What are microfibrils made of?

Many cellulose chains

In the microfibrils what kind of bonds are the cellulose chains held together by?

Hydrogen bonds

Why are the cell walls of plants able to provide structural support?

Because the microfibrils are strong fibres.

what are the two alpha glucose polysaccharides that starch is made from?

amylopectin and amylose

Describe an amylopectin.

Its a long branched structure that makes it ideal for quick energy release

Describe an amylose

It has a long unbranched helical structure that makes it good for storage

Describe glycogen.

it is a highly branched molecule similar to amylopectin.

Its highly branched structure allows glucose to be released quickly.

This is stored in the liver and the muscle cells.

How is glycogen formed

By the condensation of alpha glucose molecules

Why must polymers in the body be hydrolysed

Monomers are easier to transport than polymers

Where is lactose found?

Milk

When glycogen is hydrolysed what does it make.

glucose

Why is it good that starch is a large molecule?

This is good as it means that it can not leave the cell.

What is structurally different between starch and cellulose that gives them different physical properties?

Cellulose is a polysaccharide of beta glucose

Cellulose is formed by 1,4 glycosidic bonds meaning its a straight chain

Starch is formed by 1,4 and 1,6 glycosidic bonds meaning its a branched chain

what is the difference between starch and glycogen?

Starch is less branched than glycogen and is found in plants.

What is a major difference between chitin and other types of polysaccharides

Chitin is nitrogenous

Why is it not possible for humans to digest food that contains cellulose?

A humans digestive enzymes are unable to break down beta glucose in cellulose. To digest them