Global Cities - Ch 1

city (generic)

large/significant population; centers of commerce and other functions; high density

city (U.N.)

a population >/= 50,000 in contiguous, dense grid cells (density of >1.5k/km² or 3,885/mi²)

city (U.S. Census Bureau)

densely settled core of census blocks that meet minimum housing unit density and/or population density requirements (>/=5k population, >/=2k housing units, >425 housing units per square mile)

urban area

>/= 50k people

urban place

2.5k</= x </= 50k people

metropolitan area

core urban area of >/= 50k population

micropolitan area

core urban area of 10k to 50k people

MSA

Metropolitan Statistical Area

graduated symbol map

map with circles corresponding to sizes (ex: that one corona map)

block

U.S. Census Bureau’s smallest unit (~2,000 people)

block group

unit used by the USCB; larger than blocks

tract

unit used by the USCB; larger than block groups

result of industrialization

increased the productivity of human labor

food surpluses

a major cost of the increase of the human population

agrarian (society)

based on agriculture

2% (in U.S.)

employment in agriculture

India

#1 country by population

China

#2 country by population

U.S.A.

#3 country by population

Indonesia

#4 country by population

Pakistan

#5 country by population

Nigeria

#6 country by population

Brazil

#7 country by population

Bangladesh

#8 country by population

Russia

#9 country by population

Ethiopia

#10 country by population

growth rate of <0%

declining population

declining population

population not replacing itself (low birth rates/high death rates)

growth rate of 0-1%

low growth

growth rate of 1-2%

moderate growth

growth rate of 2-3%

high growth

growth rate of >3%

very high

(70/g)=D

doubling time formula (g=growth rate; D=doubling time in years)

Asia

continent with most population

Africa

continent with fastest growing population

theory of demographic transition

demographic transition model

key principle of the theory of demographic transition/demographic transition model

major population increase occurs when death rate decreases

Stage I: High Stationary

population stays constant; high birth and death rates offset each other; mostly hunter-gatherer societies and even into the early U.S.

Stage II: Early Expanding

high growth rate; death rates decrease significantly (better food supply/diet; medical advancements'; workplace safety); birth rates stay high; agriculture shifting into early industrialization

Stage III: Late Expanding

moderate-low growth rate; birth rates decrease to correspond more closely to death rates (humans adjust to their circumstances; lower death rates + having less children); thoroughly industrialized countries and more urbanization

Stage IV: Low Stationary

little to no population growth; low death and birth rates offset each other; highly industrialized and urbanized

Stage V: Declining

declining rate; death rates > birth rates; aging population; post-industrial

Primary Sector

involves extractive activities (farming; mining; natural gas)

Secondary Sector

processing of raw materials into higher-value goods (manufacturing of steel; textiles)

Tertiary Sector

provision of services (legal; medical; other specialized services)

Quaternary Sector

information processing and technology intensive (G.I.S.; databases)

GDP

total value of goods and services produced in a country per year

per capita

per person

causes of low GDP

exchanges not being recorded; farmers consuming what they produce rather than selling it

Tertiary and Quaternary

most of the West’s economic sectors