Significance of PA Exam 2

What are the tendencies with American Societies

1. too many responsibilities/lack of time

2. overemphasis of product over process

3. Runaway individualism

4. Excessive escapism

5. Excessive survivalism

6. Oppressive rationalism

What is the evidence for too many responsibilities/lack of time?

overemphasis of job or career, lack of community, lack of awareness of other, quantity and efficiency emphasized over quality, “quick fix” solutions

What is the evidence for product over process?

Overemphasis on strategic reasoning and advantage seeking, winning prioritized over competition, image emphasized over substance and health, quantity and efficiency>quality

What is the evidence for runaway individualism?

Emphasis on individual achievement and self aggrandizement, strategic reasoning and advantage seeking, increase in cheating anf unethical behavior, decline of sportspersonship, lack of common values and a common direction

What is the evidence for excessive escapism?

Overuse of sport and PA as forms of escape from everyday problems, fascination with virtual worlds, lack of interest in our world, technology as means to diversions, unhappiness with 21st century life

What is the evidence for excessive survivalism?

Overemphasis on the mechanistic health of the physical body, emphasis on extrinsic value of PA, using it as a battery recharger for other pursuits, survival as a metaphor for winning

Is excessive survivalism seen as something positive for intrinsic motivation?

No, it is focused on the extrinsic value in its relation to physical and mental health. using it as a “recharge” for the day

Which tendency relates to corporate fitness?

excessive survivalism

What is the purpose of corporate fitness?

Physical activity in the workplace put in place so people do not have to leave the building to do PA so people can remain more productive and efficient and can “recharge” without ‘wasting time’ 

What is the evidence for oppressive rationalism?

Overemphasis on the role of science and technology in human life & the mechanistic view of persons, reduced emphasis on spiritual and emotional aspects of being human, lack of emphasis on play and the intrinsic value of physical activity.

How do values change?

We can change our values and we can change the way we do things in our society

What is the good life?

a plan for the life you want to live, many people have a plan but then fail to act upon it. 

What helps us develop our blueprints for the good life?

Moral, social, and non-moral values

What are non-moral values?

Skills, experiences and conditions people desire

What are some examples of non-moral values?

Winning. success, security, wealth, material goods, health/wellness, pleasure, happiness, knowledge, and education

what are moral values?

Motives and traits that help one act well in relation to others

What do moral values help us do?

Reason altruistically by helping us remain aware of the moral rights of others in physical activity settings

What are examples of moral values

Justice/fairness/fairplay, sportsmanship, honesty, respect, compassion, beneficence, integrity

What are social values?

Motives and traits valued by the members of a particular society 

Examples of social values:

Leadership, teamwork, efficiency, disciple, loyalty, courage

How can social values positively contribute to moral actions?

They need to be guided by or grounded in moral values - if not, they may be used for unethical purposes

Why are social values often mistaken for moral values?

They are so strongly valued in our society

What is ethics?

a branch of philosophy that examines questions concerning morality and assesses the normative value of the moral beliefs, decisions, and actions of human agents

What is normative value?

rightness and wrongness (fair play/cheating)

What brand of inquiry is ethics?

Normative brand of inquiry

What does ethics go BEYOND?

Describing how human beings act toward one another and asks and examine how they SHOULD act toward one another

What does ethics require us to analyze?

The moral value of actions, decisions, and policies using sound methods of moral reasoning

What is also known as egotistic reasoning?

Strategic reasoning

What type of reasoning is about what it is more advantageous to do?

Strategic reasoning

What reasoning is essentially a cost/benefit analysis?

Strategic reasoning

What does strategic reasoning NOT account for?

rights, interests, and feelings of others within its process

what are characteristics of morally calloused individuals?

Lack of moral awareness, self awareness, compassion, and beneficence, ignore moral issues and the problems of others

what is false assumption 1

All children will be positively affected by their sport experiences

what is false assumption 2?

Sport automatically teaches positive moral and social values to all who participate in it

What are the 3 key questions?

What is character? Can it be empirically measured? Do values learned in sport carry over into life?

Where did the belief that sport builds positive character come from?

19th century England in British Public Schools

Is there still the belief that sport builds positive character?

Yes, can still be seen within America today

What is the issue with the term character?

there is a lack of a consistent operational definition of character = inconsistencies in research findings

what is shield’s and Bredemeir’s definition of character?

Character consists of the following moral values: compassion, fairness, sportspersonship, integrity n

What is the relationship between SP and delinquency?

Negative

What is the relationship between SP and lessening of restraints on aggression?

Positive