bio final

digestion is?

The breakdown of food into small nurtrient molecules that the body can absorb

what is the order of the four stages of food processing?

Ingestion, digestion, absorption, elimination

Which process is an example of mechanical digestion?

Chewing

The main function of amylase is to

Break down starch

The normal flow of contents in the human alimentary canal is

oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine

Smooth muscle contraction moves food through the alimentary canal by a process called

peristalsis

Both the esophagus and trachea open to the

pharynx

The stomachs gastric juice consists of

mucus, pepsin, and hydrocholric acid

When contracted, prevents movement of chyme from the stomach back into the

A sphincter

Most absorption of carbs, fats, and proteins occurs in the

Small intestine

The epithelial cells lining the intestine have surface projections that increase the area for absorption. These projections are called

Microvilli

The absorbs water

large intestine

If not enough water is reabsorbed from the structure in #13, will occur

Diarrhea

what will accumulate in the adipose tissue and become toxic if too much are taken in?

Fat-soluble vitamins

Certain amino acids are called essential because they

cannot be made by the body from other compounds

If calories taken in are greater than calories burned, what will happen?

Weight gain

Kimberly eats only jolly ranchers and sprite. What nutritional disorder is she likely to have?

Malnutrition

What is the pace maker of the heart and generates electrical impulses that spread through the heart?

Sinoatrial node

Veins carry

Blood toward the heart

Which vessel has the structure best suited for nutrient exchange between the blood and tissues?

Capillaries

The one way flow of blood in veins is maintained by

valves

During breathing in humans,

the diaphragm moves downward and the rib muscles conract, increasing the size of the chest cavity and decreasing the air pressure within the chest cavity

If your blood pressure were 120/70, it would mean that

Your blood pressure during systole is 120 and your blood pressure during diastole is 70

Red blood cells lack nuclei and other organelles which allows them to

Have more room to carry hemoglobin

When tissue lining a blood vessel is damaged, the first thing that happens is

Platelets adhere to the damaged tissue

White blood cells play a particularly important role in

Fighting infections

What path does a molecule of 02 take from the nose to the respiratory surface?

Pharynx larynx trachea bronchus bronchiole alveolus

In the human respiratory system gas exchange occurs across the cells of the

alveoli

Most of the time, breathing is controlled by

control centers in the brain stem

When you hold your breath, which changes in one or more blood gases leads initially to the urge to breathe again?

Rising carbon dioxide level

The cells thar carry electric signals from one part of the body to another in the nervous system are

neurons

Which structure carry incoming messages toward the cell body of a neuron?

Dendrites

What cushions structures of the central nervous system, helps supply them with nutrients and hormones, and carries away wastes?

cerebrospinal fluid

What is the correct order or a synaptic terminal?

ap arrive at synaptic terminal, vesicle fuse with plasma membrane, ion channel opens, neurotransmitter released into synaptic cleft, neurotransmitter bind receptor on next cell, neurotransmitter removed from synaptic cleft.

Which function role of the nervous system is carried out by interneurons?

Integration

What phase does K+ leave and the inside of the neuron becomes more negative and less positive?

Falling phase

based on the action potential what would represent overshoot?

5 after falling phase

What is the value of threshold?

-55mV

Which parts of the body comprise the central nervous system (CNS)?

both brain and spinal cord

you start an exam and realize that you did not study enough for it. you find it difficult to concentrate because your heart is racing, your stomach seems ties in a knot, you are breathing too quicly, and your mouth is dry. Most likely, you are experiencing the effects of the

Sympathetic division

You are out for a walk and start to trip, but you keep your balance and dont fall. Which brain region is responsible for the rabid coordination of muscle activity that kept you from falling?

Cerebellum

Which area of the brain is responsible for controlling homeostasis, the pituitary gland, and the autonomic nervous system? (ANS)

Hypothalamus

Alzheimers disease is characterized by?

Confusion and memory loss

trace the flow of blood through the mammaliam circulatory system

Right atrium, tricuspid, right ventrium, semilunar valve, pulmonary aa pulmonary capillaries pulmonary vv left atria, left ventria, aortic semilunar valve, aorta, systemic capillaries, superior and inferior vena cavas

What is biology?

The scientific study of life

A hypothesis is an

a proposed explanation for a set of observations

Which sequence shows the steps of the process of science in an order in which they might occur

Observation, question, hypothesis, experiment

why is water considered a polar molecule?

The oxygen end of the molecule has a slight negative charge, and the hydrogen end has a slight positive charge

The polarity of water molecules help explain waters ability to support life

The relationship of structure to function

Adjacent water molecules interact with one another via

Hydrogen bonds

The tendency of molecules of the same kind to stick together is called

cohesion

some tiny insects are able to walk on water. Why?

The surface tension that is a result of waters cohesive properties makes this possible

plants use glucose as both a source of energy for cells and building blocks of their bodies

Pathway that transforms energy and matter

The female hormone progesterone is involved in the menstrual cycle and pregnancy. Based on its structure, what type of macromolecule is progesterone?

Steroid

Oleic avid is a fatty avid that occurs naturally in many animal and vegetable fats and oils. What can you tell about oleic acid just by looking at its structure?

Oleic acid is an unsaturated fatty acid

A fat contains which molecular components?

Three fatty acids and one glycerol molecule

Saturated fats are saturated with

Hydrogen

By definition, what type of fatty acid has double bonds?

Unsaturated

Enzymes are

Proteins

Proteins are polymers constructed from

amino acid monomers

Amino acids include a side group as well as

a central carbon, a hydrogen atom, an amino group. and a carboxyl group

A proteins function is dependent on enviormental factors such as pH and temperature. What property of the protein itself dictates a proteins function?

Shape

Nucleic acids are polyners of

nucliotide monomers

A specific stretch of DNA that contains information for the amino acid sequence of a polypeptide is an

gene

DNA nucleotides include

Thymine, guanine, adenine, and cytosine

If one strand of a DNA double helix has the sequence GACGTCA, what will be the sequence of the other strand?

CTGCAGT

What is the Central Dogma of Molecular Biology?

DNA> RNA> Protien

How does RNA differ from DNA?

RNA contains uracil: DNA contains thymine

The genetic message contained in DNA is used to build proteins. What major theme is illustrated by this action?

Information Flow

What are the major lipids of plasma membranes?

Phospholipids

When mixed with water, phospholipids spontaneously form membranes because they

Have hydrophilic phosphate groups that are attracted to water and hydrophobic fatty acid tails that avoids water

The concept of a membrane as a fluid mosaic reflects the ability of

Phospholipids and most proteins to drift about in the plane of the membrane

Where does protein synthesis take place?

On ribosomes

The endomembrane system includes

Golgi apparatus, lysomes, vacuoles, and the endoplasmic reticulum

Functions of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum include

lipid synthesis and drug detoxification

Which parts of a cell is most like the shipping center of a company?

The golgi apparatus

Digestion of organic matter inside the cell takes place in what organelle?

Lysosome

During a race such as a marathon, the skeletal muscle cells in your legs use a lot of energy to continually contract and power your muscles. What organelle is most likely abundant in skeletal muscle cells?

Mitochondria

Tobacco smokers and those exposed to tobacco smoke are at greater risk of an ectopic tubal pregnancy. Based on your understanding of the structures of the cytoskeleton, what is the best explanation for this phenomenon?

Tobacco interferes with sweeping morion of cilia that aids in the movement of the egg toward the uterus.

Energy can be defined as

the capacity to cause change

An object at rest has no energy, but it may have energy resulting from its location or structure

Kinetic;Potential

A boulder at the top of a hill contains

Conserved energy

What is the relationship between energy and ATP?

The addition of energy releases a phosphate group from ATP

What compound directly provides energy for cellular work?

ATP

ATP energizes other molecules in cells by transferring an

phosphate group to those molecules

Usually, enzymes are

Proteins

The sum total of all the chemical reactions that occur in organisms is called

metabolism

Enzymes increase the rate of a reaction by

decreasing activation energy

An enzymes function is most dependent on its

Shape

The region of an enzyme to which a substrate binds is called the

active site

Substances that plug up an enzymes active site are enzyme

inhibitors

What happens when a inhibitor attaches to a enzyme

It is an inhibitor that changes the enzymes active site

What is equilibrium?

Molecules moving one direction equaling molecules moving in the other direction

Diffusion is an example of?

Passive transport

facilitated diffusion across a biological membrane requires what and moves a substance

Transport proteins; down

When two solutions that differ in solute concentration are placed on either side of a selectively

exhibit a net movement to the side with lower water concentration

A cell that neither gains nor loses a net amount of water at equilibrium when it is immersed in a solution is

isotonic to its environment

which process could result in the net movement of a substance into a cell, if the substance is more concentrated in the cell than in the surroundings?

Active transport

specialized cells that line the stomach synthesize a digestive enzyme and secrete it into the stomach. Which process could be responsible for its secretion?

Exocytosis

what cell transport is modeled

endocytosis