Intro to the justice system test 1 studying

Classical school of criminology

Free will crime

Positivists School of Crime

Data driven scientific method

penology

punishment, incarceration, ad rehabilitation

pain pleasure principle

human behavior is primarily driven by the desire to seek pleasure and avoid pain

deterrence

people avoiding potential pleasurable acts in fear of punishment

hedonistic utilitarianism

The right action is the one that creates the most happiness (pleasure) and the least suffering (pain) for everyone affected.

biological theory of crime

criminal behavior stems from inherited or acquired biological factors like genetics, brain structure/function , or hormonal imbalances. CESARE LAMBROSO atavism.

Psychological theories of crime

analyze how individual cognitive, emotional, and personality differences influence criminal behavior. SIGMUND FRUED - psychodynamic theory where there’s an imbalance between id ego and superego often stemming from early childhood.

Social disorganization theory

high crime rates stem from weak social ties and a breakdown of community institutions (family, school, church) rather than individual traits.

Strain Theory Includes:

Conformist, ritualist, retreatist, innovator, rebel

general strain theory:

negative relationships and experiences (strains) produce negative emotions like anger and frustration, which can drive individuals to engage in crime as a coping mechanism.

atavism

changing features

causation:

something influencing criminal behavior

correlation

they are linked

Differential association theory

People learn criminal behavior through social interaction with others. Edwin H. Sutherland

Social learning theory

People learn criminal behavior by observing others and through rewards and punishments. - Albert bandura

differential reinforcement

Behavior that is rewarded is more likely to be repeated, and behavior that is punished is less likely to be repeated.

social bond theory

People commit crime when their bonds to society are weak or broken. - travis hirschi

Labeling theory

Crime is not just about what people do, but how society reacts to what they do.

primary deviance

initial, minor rule-breakings

self fulfilling prophecy

When a label or expectation placed on a person causes them to act in ways that make the label come true.

Secondary deviance

criminal or deviant behavior that occurs after a person has been labeled and begins to accept that label as part of their identity.

Contemporary theory of crime

modern theories developed after the classical and early sociological theories, aimed at explaining why crime happens today, considering society, psychology, and environment.

life course theory

Criminal behavior develops and changes over a person’s life, influenced by life events, social bonds, and transitions.

age graded development theory

focuses on how age and life events affect crime.

survivor criminology

Crime should be studied from the perspective of survivors/victims, not only offenders, to understand the impact of crime and social injustice.