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Absorbency
The tendency to attract elements like liquid and sometimes light and heat
Density
The mass of material per unit of volume
Fusibility
The ability of a material to be converted into liquid state and combine with another material
Electrical conductivity
The ability to conduct electricity
Opacity
the ability of a material to allow light travel through it
Strength
The ability of a material to withstand external forces
Hardness
The ability to resist abrasion and indentation through impact
Toughness
The ability to absorb energy through shock without fracturing
Malleability
The ability to deform under compression without cracking
Ductility
The ability to be stretched out into a thin strand without fracturing
Elasticity
The ability to return to its original shape after being compressed or stretched
Plasticity
The ability to permanently stay in the same shape after being molded
Ingredients of paper and board
a pulp which is a mixture of cellulose fibers and up to 99% water
Cellulose fibres
Fibers made of shredded wood
Pulp
Process that converts debarked logs into fine chips and then cooked with a chemical solution along with bleach or colourings
Sizing
Process that controls the absorbency of the paper by adding chemicals to the pulp
Converting pulp into paper
Process that uses rollers along the mesh conveyer belt to squeeze out the excess rollers
Callender rollers
Set of rollers that give the paper a finish
PAP - 20
Recycling code for Carboard - Corrugated cardboard
PAP - 21
Recycling code for other carboard - mixed paper magazines, mail
PAP - 22
Recycling code for paper - other paper
PAB - 23
Recycling code for paperboard - greeting cards, book covers, frozen food boxes
gsm definition
grams per square meter
Copier paper appearance
Brilliant white paper treated for a smooth finish
Copier paper characteristics
80-100gsm, treated to enable ink to dry on the surface
Copier paper uses
Desktop printing and photocopying
Card appearance
Bleached white or coloured
Card characteristics
200-400gsm, may be treated to enable ink to dry on the surface
Card uses
Luxurious posters, book covers, business cards
Corrugated card appearance
Natural brown board finished on one or both sides with bonded paper
Corrugated card characteristics
1000-5000 microns, strong lightweight and rigid perpendicular to corrugations. Insulative and easy to print on
Corrugated card uses
packaging, boxes and impact protection
Solid white board appearance
High quality card, brilliant white smooth finish on both sides
Solid white board characteristics
200-500gsm, stiff board, holds color and easily cut or creased
Solid white board uses
High quality packaging, posters and cards
Mount board appearance
A white core with a high quality coloured paper bonded to one or both sides
Mount board characteristics
500-3000 microns, colorful, Thick, rigid, fine finish, cuts well.
Mount board uses
Mounting pictures, Model making
Duplex card appearance
White bleached surface on one side
Duplex card characteristics
200-500gsm, stiff, lightweight coatings, lower cost than fully bleached board
Duplex card uses
Packaging, food and drink containers
Carton board appearance
Natural brown or white, coated or uncoated
Carton board characteristics
200-1500 micron
variable thickness when layered, can be coated or foil lined to hold food and liquids, full colour printing possible
Carton board uses
Food containers, packaging, advertising displays
Moulded paper pulp Appearance
Textured, unbleached, often moulded into different shapes
Moulded paper pulp characteristics
Eco-friendly, recyclable, compostable, biodegradable.
Moulded paper pulp uses
Packaging trays, Disposable cup holders, disposable plates
Foam core board Appearance
A composite material - smooth board surface front and back, foam inner core
Foam core board characteristics
3-10mm thick, lightweight and rigid in all directions. Can crease and crack under pressure, expanded polystyrene centre, limited colour options
Foam core board uses
Architectural models, model making, prototyping, mounting and framing of photographs and artwork
Foil lined board appearance
A composite material - white card usually coated or laminated with aluminium foil bonded on one side
Foil lined board characteristics
200-400gsm, stiff, foil reflects heat and a water and oil resistant coating
Foil lined board uses
Takeaway containers and lids, used to retain heat for longer.
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An image of Copier paper
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An image of Card
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An image of Corrugated card
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Image of Solid white board
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Image of mounted board
Rolls
commonly used in the printing industry for large and continuous runs
Sheet
used in printing, art supplies and consumer-based goods
Ply
layered sheets of paper in either sheet or roll form.
used for packaging, till rolls and invoicing paper as well as kithen and toilet roll. The layers are held together using embossing techniques and/or glue.
ISO Definition
International Standards Organization
A series
main sizes that we use in schools, at home and at work
B series
especially used in publishing and printing industry
C Series
Used for envelopes
T Series
Indian Youtube channel as well as media conglomerate famous for the sub race against pewdiepie
A4 dimensions
210 × 297mm
Die cutting
process used in industry to create products from a sheet material by cutting it on a cutting plate
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Die cutters for schools
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Commercial die cutter
Offset lithography
Common form of printing where paper is fed through 4 different coloured rollers. sometimes a fifth roller is used for varnish
Gravure
high quality form of printing where an etched printing plate fills up with ink and deposits the colour as small dots. A separate roller presses the material to be printed onto the printing plate.
Flexography
form of relief printing, which uses a flexible relief plate with the image to be printed raised up off the non-printing surface. Allows for plastic and metallic films
Screen printing
form of printing uses a porous mesh with fine holes which ink can pass through. In screen printing, a ‘squeegee’ is used to scrape ink through the exposed holes in the mesh and onto the substrate. Screen printing is used to print onto fabrics which make is popular for t-shirt printing
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CMYK Registration marks, used as quality control to make sure the colours are correct and aligned
How to Emboss or Deboss
two plates being created known as the relief die (female) and the counter die (male) to fold or crease the card so the element stays in place
Spot Varnishing
Enables part of the surface of a card or paper to be printed with a shiny transparent finish
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Commercial laminator
Lamination in commercial use
application of a polymer film (usually polyethylene) to the surface of a product. Ensures the document lasts longer
CNC
Computer Numerical control
Flat pack furniture advantages
• Compact for ease of transportation
• Low cost compared to traditional furniture
• A large choice of styles and finishes
• Easy to assemble with limited tools and experience
• Can be disassembled for storage / moving
Flat pack furniture disadvantages
Needs to be constructed yourself or by someone else at an additional cost
• Not as robust as traditional furniture
• Can be complex to construct for some
• Prone to damage by moistrue
• Can chip and break more easily
Wood preservative
Painted on to protect wood from fungal or indect attack and prevent rot and decay, needs reapplication to maintain the levels of protection
Varnish
Protects from moisture, can be coloured with stain, enhances grain, gloss, satin or matt finish, yellows with age
Oil
Similar effect to varnish but soaks into the timber rather than sitting on the surface, needs reapplying frequently
Paint
Painted with a brush or roller, usually needs primer and undercoat on bare wood, wide range of colours available
Stain
Permaently colours wood, does not protect it, results vary depending on base wood and colour
Wax
Rubbed into the wood with cloth or wire wool, enhances natural grain, needs regular reapplication
Thermoforming Plastics
Plastics that are more flexible especially when heated
Thermosetting plastics
rigid plastic that will burn when heated again
Elastomers
STRECHY BOI
Recyclability of Thermosetting plastics
non recyclable but can be used for incineration
Recyclability of Thermosetting plastic
Yes
Acrylic Appearance
Colorful with smooth finish. Ductile ,malleable and come in a variety of standard sizes.
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Image of Acrylic sheets
Acrylic characteristics
Tough but brittle when thin. Easily scratched, formed and bonded.
Acrylic uses
Car lights, display stands, trophies, table tops, modern baths, hats and gloves.
Nylon Appearance
smooth, colourful and available in sheet, bar, fil or thread
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Image of Nylon thread
Nylon characteristics
Low friction as self lubrication and hard wearing.
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