Chapter 1: Introduction to Digital Radiography & PACS

Includes things such as patient name, healthcare facility, patient identification number, date of birth, and examination date:

Patient demographics

_______ images are recorded in a logarithmic fashion, whereas ______ images are linear.

Film/screen;Digital

Devise that absorbs x-rays and convert them into light. The light is then collected by an area-CCD, CMOS, or TFT array and converted into an electrical signal that is sent to the computer for processing and viewing.

Indirect capture detector

what is used to increase the effect of x-ray photons by conversion of the photons to light in film/screen imaging?

Intensifying screens

What is a table that maps the image gray-scale values into some visible output intensity on a monitor or printed film called?

A look-up table (LUT)

Which screen require less exposure technique and results in less patient dose?

Fast speed screen

Is any imaging acquisition process that produces an electronic image that can be viewed and manipulated on a computer.

Digital imaging

Which screen is able to resolve more detail but requires more patient dose?

Slow speed screen

Devise that converts the incident x-ray energy directly into an electrical signal typically using a photoconductor as the x-ray absorber, and send the electrical signal to a TFT and then to an ADC

Direct conversion detector

The year in which the first full scale PACS was installed in the United States.

1993

Moving images via telephone lines to and from remote locations

Teleradiology

Is a networked group of computers, servers, and archives that can be used to manage digital images

PACS

Previously known as computed radiology (CR), this is the digital acquisition modality that uses storage phosphor plates to produce projection images.

Photostimulable Phosphor (PSP) image capture

Which imaging modality is heralded as a major milestone in medical imaging?

Computed Tomography (CT)

Which form of radiography uses film and Intensifying screens in the image formation process?

Film-Screen (Conventional) Radiography

Is done with chemicals and the shape of the film’s response curve

Film screen image processing

What is the format for digital imaging and communications in medicine?

DICOM

Film and intensifying screens are primarily used in

Film/screen (Conventional) Radiography

What do intensifying screens do?

Emit light

Which modality was the first to use the principle of digital imaging?

Computed Tomography (CT)

Who was the first to incorporate digital imaging with the CT scanner?

Godfrey Hounsfield

Teleradiology, moving images via telephone lines to and from remote locations, was first conceptualized by

Albert Jutras

Early reconstruction of raw CT data took a few ______ to form a recognizable image.

days

The first commercial CT scanners could only image the:

Head only

In which decade was MRI first introduced?

1980’s

Which two modalities could easily be converted to digital imaging properties?

Ultrasonography and Nuclear Medicine

Early picture archival and communication systems was developed by:

The U.S. military

Teleradiography incorporated ______ to produce radiographic images.

Telephone lines

Photostimulable phosphor (PSP) image capture acquires an image through the use of a:

storage phosphor plate

Storage phosphor plates are similar to:

Intensifying screen

The two elements needed to convert light signals into an electrical signal while using indirect capture DR are TFT and:

Area-CCD

What is the x-ray absorber typically used in direct capture DR?

Photoconductor

Technologist efficiency ratings are generally the same when comparing conventional radiography with ______ radiography.

cassette-based PSP

Compared with a 90-second processing time found in conventional radiography, image acquisition with flat panel detector systems has now been reduced to ______ seconds.

3-5

The active element is a storage phosphor plate is:

Barium fluorohalide

In reference to PSP image capture, what is used to scan and release the latent image, on the phosphor plate?

A focused laser beam (light)

X-ray energy related to indirect capture DR will stimulate a ______, which eventually is changed into an electrical signal.

scintillator

In direct capture acquisition systems, the ______ converts x-ray energy directly to a digital electrical signal.

photoconductor

Exposure latitude is to conventional radiography as _______ is to digital projection imaging.

dynamic range

A look-up table (LUT) maps:

Image gray-scale values

With conventional radiography, optical density is primarily controlled by:

milliampere-seconds (mAs)

Where was the first full-scale PACS installed in 1993?

Baltimore

___________ are used to increase the effect of x-ray photons by conversion of the photons to light in film/screen imaging.

Intensifying screens

Most _________ systems use an x-ray absorber material coupled to a thin-film transistor, complementary metal oxide semiconductor, or __________ to form the image.

digital radiography, charge-coupled device

The basic definition of ______ is any imaging acquisition process that produces an electronic image that can be viewed and manipulated on a computer.

digital radiography

Photostimulable Phosphor (PSP) image capture, previously known as ________, is the digital acquisition modality that uses phosphor plates to produce projection images.

computed radiography (CR)

With digital imaging systems, all relevant information must be attached to the __________. This can be accomplished by using preset controls such as arrows, position indicators, or image acquisition markers.

digital file

When the laser light scans the Photostimulable phosphor material, _______ is released.

light